FISIKA DASAR 2

FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS JENDERAL ACHMAD YANI 2012

GELOMBANG (WAVE)
What is a wave? a wave is a disturbance that travels through a medium from one location to another. a wave is the motion of a disturbance
Distrubance getaran Getaran adalah gerak periodik dengan menempuh lintasan yang sama Gerak periodik adalah gerak benda secara berulang-ulang dalam selang waktu yang sama

Contoh getaran

Contoh getaran - 2

Gerakan bolak-balik melalui secara periodik kedudukan keseimbangan

1 T f

1 f T

SIFAT DASAR GELOMBANG Basic properties of waves :

Energy is transferred from one place to another in a wave motion. Motion of the medium (particles of the medium) is usually periodically vibratory. Only the shape or form of wave travels, not the medium.

TIPE GELOMBANG
1. Mechanical waves A material medium is necessary for the transmission for mechanical waves. Mechanical waves cannot travel through vacuum. Due to elastic forces on adjacent layers of medium, disturbance is transmitted from one layer to the next through the medium.

Contoh Gelombang Mekanik

Water waves, sound, vibration of spring, etc.
according to the direction of vibration, waves are also classified into : (a) Transverse wave; (b) Longitudinal waves.

1.1 Transverse Waves

The waveform appears in the shape of sine curve. A wave in which the motions of the matter particles are perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave itself.

Examples

Water waves, pulse in a stretched string,transverse wave demonstrator.

Example of a transverse wave:

1.2 Longitudinal Waves

A wave in which the motions of the matter particles are in the same direction as the wave propagation.
Sound, or a spring oscillating up and down, etc.Show magnetic longitudinal demonstrator

Examples

2. Electromagnetic waves
Material medium is not essential for propagation. e/m waves travel through vacuum. All electronic waves has the same speed,c = 299 792 458 m/s All electromagnetic waves are transverse waves.

X-rays, radio waves, micro-waves,etc.

examples

3. Matter waves
These waves are commonly used in modern technology and associated with electrons, protons and other fundamental particles, even atoms and molecules

Terminology of a Wave
A wave is usually described by the following terms : Amplitude Wavelength () Frequency (f) Period (T) Wave velocity (v)

Each term will be explained.

Wave Function
characteristics

AMPLITUDE AND PHASE

The amplitude is the maximum displacement of the medium from its equilibrium position and is indicated as ym The phase is the argument kxt sine in equation above.

WAVELENGTH AND ANGULAR WAVE NUMBER

The wavelength () is the minimum distance between two points which are in phase. A typical wavelength is marked in figure (a). At t = 0, the equation will, y(x,0) = ym sin (kx (0)) y(x,0) = ym sin kx =0

At x = x1 and x = x1 + , thus, ym sin kx1 = ym sin k(x1 + ) = ym sin (kx1 + k) A sine function begins to repeat in 2 rad, so: k = 2, or 2 = And k is the angular wave number in rad/m

At x = 0, the equation will: y(x,0) = ym sin (k(0) (t)) y(x,0) = - ym sin t (k.0) = 0 At t = t1 and t = t1 + T, thus, -ym sin t1 = -ym sin (t1 + T) = -ym sin (t1 + T)

The period of oscilation T will be 2 through one full oscilation, so: T = 2, or,
=

Because,

f
f

= 1/T, so:
=
2

The wave is travelling in a distance x during the interval

t, the ratio will: , or in differential limit,

As the wave moves, the displacement y will retain and the phase must remain a constant, so: kx t = a constant To find the wave speed v, the equation must be derivative, getting: d(kx t = a constant)/dt

() () = d(constant)/dt, or k - =0 k(v) - = 0 k.v = v=

from the equations,

= ,

and =

2 ,so:

v =

2 2

, or v =

, or v = .f

Using the Wave Equation

Example :
A travelling wave of wavelength 0.6m moves at a speed of 3.0 m/s. What is the period of this wave ?
Now you know = 0.6 m, v = 3.0 m/s Can you find the frequency of this wave By using the wave equation, v = 3.0 = (0.6) i.e = 5.0 Hz Then the period of this wave is ???

Period T = 1/ T = 1/5.0 or 0.2 s

Table of Contents

 The speed of a wave is related to the waves wavelength and frequency, but if a wave is to travel through a medium such as water, air, steel or a streched string, it must cause the particles of that medium to oscilate. For that to happen, the medium must posses both mass ( kinetic energy) and elasticity (potential energy) which determine how fast the wave can travel in the medium, so:

or F = tension or force = linear density or m/l , m = mass of the string l = length of the string

EXAMPLES

 As the external performs work on the end of the string, moving it up and down, energy enters the system of the string and propagates along its length. The elements of the string are the length, x, and the mass,m, moves with simple harmonic motion. The energy kinetic will:
K = mv2 or K = (m)vy2

Where vy is the transverse speed of element. If is the mass per unit length, then m of the element length x is equal to x, so: K = (x)vy2 As the length of the element of the string strinks to zero, this becomes a differential relationship: dK = (dx)vy2
vy = ]=

= -ymcos (kx-t)

dK = dx(-ymcos (kx-t))2 = 2ym2cos2 (kx-t) dx If t = 0, the eguation will: = 2ym2cos2 (kx-.0) dx = 2ym2cos2 kx dx The total kinetic energy (K) in one wavelength: K = = = =
2y 2cos2 kx dx m 0 2 2 ym 0 cos2 kx dx 1 1 2 2 ym + 2 2 4

= 2ym2 (1/2 )

= 1/4 2ym2 A similar analysis to that above for the total potential energy (U)in one wavelength will give exactly the same result : U = 1/4 2ym2 The total energy in one wavelength of the wave is: E = K + U = 1/4 2ym2 + 1/4 2ym2 = 2ym2

 The power or rate of energy transfer , associated with the wave is : =

Energy passes during a time interval of one period of oscilation, so : 2ym2 = =

2ym2

= 2ym2 v

( )

 = 2ym2 v This expression shows that the rate of energy transfer is proportional to : (a) the square of frequency (b) the square of amplitude (c) the wave speed But in any sinusoidal wave is proportional to the square of angular frequency and the

square of amplitude