Chemical composition of cell (enzyme)

Biology chapter 3

ENZYMES
Protein molecules made by living cells, acting catalysts that speed up rate of metabolic reaction

Catabolism -breaking down substance to produce energy for work

Anabolism -synthesis of new substances

Enzyme

Intracellular

Extracellular

Catalyses reaction within cell

Leave cell and catalyses reaction outside

Intracellular Enzyme
Name of intracellular enzyme DNA polymerase Thiokinase Pyruvate carboxylase Oxydoreductase ATP synthetase ATPase Type of reaction DNA synthesis Fatty acids catabolism Cellular respiration Cellular respiration ATP synthesis Catabolic release of energy Location Nucleus Outside ER Mitochondria Mitochondria Mitochondria Mitochondria

Carbonic anhydrase

CO2 + H2O H2CO3

Red blood cell

Extracellular Enzyme
Name of intracellular enzyme Amylase Pepsin Trypsin Lipase Maltose Where it comes from Salivary glands Stomach wall Pancreas Pancreas Wall of small intestine Where it works Mouth cavity Stomach Small intestine Small intestine Small intestine Food acted on Starch Protein Starch Fat Maltose Substance produce Maltose Peptides Maltose Fatty acid Glucose

Affected by changes of temperature & pH

Speed up rates of biochemical reactions in cell

only small amount of enzyme needed to catalyse a lot of substrate Very specificeach class of enzyme will catalyse only one particular reaction

Only able to work with the presence of coenzyme

General characteristics of Enzyme

Enzyme catalyse reversible reactions

Not used up / destroyed in reaction, but can be reuse

SITES OF ENZYME SYNTESIS

Instruction for making the extracelullar enzyme is transcribed from DNA to RNA in nucleus RNA the leaves the nucleus through nuclear pore & attaches itself to ribosome located on the ER Amino acid will form enzyme molecules according to the information brought by RNA When enzyme synthesis has completed, it is extruded into the interior of ER. It is then encapsulated in transport vesicle Transport vesicle then fuse with Golgi Apparatus & release enzyme into Golgi apparatus

In Golgi Apparatus, enzyme further modified then packed in a secretory vesicle

The secretory vesicle transport enzyme to plasma membrane & fuses with plasma membrane. Then, enzyme release outside the cell

MECHANISM OF ENZYME ACTION (Lock & Key Model)

pH -each enzyme has an optimal pH -help it to maintain its 3Dshape -optimal pH value are different for each enzyme -pepsin= 2, salivary amylase= 7 ,Trypsin = 8-9

FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY

Temperature
-generally, the rate of reaction doubles for every 10C rise in temperature, & peaks at about 37C to 40C -higher temperature can cause denatured -denatured enzyme has a permanent change in its molecular structure that cannot be reversed by cooling

Substrate Concentration -increasing the substrate concentration will increase the rate of reaction -increasing substrate concentration after the maximum point does not further affect the rate of reaction -little substrate but many enzymes-rate of reaction is low -more substrate but still many unused enzyme- increase the reaction a little bit -equal amount of substrate & enzyme- highest possible reaction rate -more substrate than enzyme-reaction still the same

FACTORS AFFECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY

Enzyme Concentration -in an enzyme-catalysed reaction, rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of enzyme used. -more enzymes can provide more active sites for substrate-enzyme complex formation

FINISH!!