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What is GPWS?
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A Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS) is a type of equipment carried by aircraft to warn pilots if they are at a dangerously low altitude and in danger of crashing.
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The pilots are alerted through visual and audio warnings by GPWS display inside cockpit.
Purpose of GPWS
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The main purpose of these systems is to prevent what is called a Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) CFIT is an accident in which an aircraft crashes into the ground, the water, or an obstacle such as a mountain or building .
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Since 1960s, a series of Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) accidents killed hundreds of people.
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CFIT can be the result of factors such as navigation errors, pilot fatigue, or reduced visibility owing to weather conditions. CFIT incidents have been reduced since GPWS entered widespread use in the 1970s. The use of a GPWS in large aircraft is required by law in many countries. In the late 1990s improvements were made and the system was renamed "Enhanced Ground Proximity Warning System (EGPWS)
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Visual
Audio
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(RA)
Computer can identify hazardous situations (very close to ground/terrain, rapid ROD & loss of altitude) GPWS display gives visual and audio warning signals to the pilot.
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A GPWS monitors the aircraft's altitude with a Radar Altimeter, which transmits radio waves downward from the plane to determine how far away the ground is.
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Most radar altimeters carried by commercial aircraft are shortrange devices with ranges of less than a mile (about 1.6 km).
The information from the radar is monitored and analyzed by a computer that can identify hazardous situations and trends in the data, such as a dangerously rapid rate of descent, dangerously close ground during, or unexpected loss of altitude.
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If hazardous conditions are detected, the GPWS gives visual and audio warning signals to the pilot.
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A Radar Altimeter (RA) measures the distance between the plane and the ground directly below it. Barometric altimeter provides the distance above sea level.
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Audio & Visual Warnings are provided under any of the following conditions: Excessive rate of descend (sink rate) when closure rate with terrain is too high (terrain-terrain)
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GPWS Modes
MODE Mode 1: Excessive Descent Rate.
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WARNING
when Rate of Descent(ROD) increase rapidly
terrain, terrain
Too low
Glideslope
Warns of excessive Rate of Descent(ROD) A GPWS warning light will illuminate and sink rate, sink rate will be heard. If the situation is not corrected whoop, whoop, pull up, pull up will be heard.
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Warns crew when closure rate with terrain is too high. Designed to warn crew when rising terrain is a threat. terrain, terrain
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Warns of loss of altitude after take-off. If the aircraft sinks 10 percent of its radar altitude dont sink will be heard.
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Mode 5, 6, 7
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Mode 5: Descent below Glide Slope Mode 6: Situation Awareness (Bank Angle, Altitude) Mode 7: Wind shear Information
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