JET PROPULSION

Part 4 Types of Jet Engines

Engine Types
Turbo Jet
Avon, Olympus 593

Turbo Fan - Bypass Engines

SMALL BYPASS MEDIUM BYPASS LARGE BYPASS

Spey, BR700 Pegasus, BR715, V2500 RB211, Trent Series

Turbo Prop
PROPELLER

Dart, Tyne, BR715TP

Turbo Shaft
HELICOPTER RN SHIPS POWER GENERATION

Lycoming T55, Gem Marine Spey Industrial Spey & Trent

Turbo Jet
Rolls Royce Avon
At low rpm the rear of the compressor cannot get rid of all the air from the front of the compressor

This can result in the rear end of compressor choking

So air blasts forwards

17 Stage Compressor driven by a 3 stage turbine Flame almost goes out - no power no thrust.

This is called: - COMPRESSOR SURGE

With RPM (i.e. Thrust) changes, the airflow velocity does not change in proportion to engine RPM

Turbo Jet
Rolls Royce Avon
Rear end of compressor unchoked Air dumped overboard Rearward movement of air restored

BUT

Power restored

air dumped sideways out of the engine produces no thrust. So a more efficient system was required

Turbo Jet
Rolls Royce Avon
Excess air is dumped overboard through a valve

Bleed valve

Turbo Jet
The Olympus 593
The Single Two Shaft Shaft Layout Layout

High Pressure Compressor

driven by

High Pressure Turbine

Low Pressure Compressor

driven by

Low Pressure Turbine

Turbo Jet
The Olympus 593
The Two Shaft Layout Allows front end of compressor to slow down move less air and Allows rear end of compressor to speed up move more air

Compressor surges lessened No wasted energy/thrust

Turbo Jet
The turbojet is the simplest and earliest form of gas turbine. Used principally in high speed aircraft where its relatively low frontal area and high jet velocity are advantages. Examples are the Concorde supersonic transport and a variety of military aircraft including the Dominie/HS125.

Turbo Fan
Low Bypass Engine
Rolls Royce Spey Adour BR710 Series

Part of the air is compressed fully and passes into the combustion chamber, while the remainder is compressed to a lesser extent and ducted around the hot section.

Turbo Fan
Medium Bypass Engine
Pegasus Two shaft layout with Contra-rotating shafts It has low pressure and high pressure AXIAL Flow Compressors

Core flow to Hot (rear) Nozzles Bypass flow to Cold (front) Nozzles

Turbo Fan
High Bypass Engine
RB211 Series (Trent) Three shaft layout all rotate same direction LP(Fan) Intermediate and HP AXIAL Flow Compressors

In service with RAF Wide-body Tristar Tanker/Transport Boeing 747 and later series, Airbus A330 and larger a/c

Turbo Fan
High Bypass Engine
RB211 Series (Trent)

Turbo Fan
Turbofan engines are loosely categorised by the size of the bypass compared to the core flow.
(The amount of air entering the core engine compared to the bypass duct)

which is called the Bypass Ratio. The low bypass ratio is approximately 1:1. Half the air goes through the core or hot section, the other half goes through the bypass. Medium bypass engines have a 5:1 ratio, while high bypass have a ratio of 10:1 or more.

Turbo Fan
The turbofan (bypass) reduces overall jet velocity, giving better propulsive efficiency at lower speeds, lower noise levels and improved specific fuel consumption, features which make the turbofan ideal for both civil and military aircraft. Examples are the Boeing 747 and 757, the Jaguar and Hawk, and the Tornado. The Harrier has a variation of the turbofan.

Turbo Prop
Rolls Royce Dart
Dart RDa6 = 2 stage turbine Dart RDa7 = 3 stage turbine Turbine drives 2 stage CENTRIFUGAL Compressor and Propeller

Prop Shaft

Reduction Gearbox

Over 70 Marks of Engine different power levels 15 different aircraft Fokker F27, Fairchild F27, Briguet Alize, (and P51 Mustang and Dakota!)

Turbo Prop
Tyne
C160 Transall, Shorts Belfast, Brequet Atlantic, Avro Lincoln, Canadair CL44, Vickers Vanguard, Aeritalia 222.
Reduction Gearbox

9 Stage HP Compressor

1 Stage HP Turbine

Prop Shaft (via Reduction Gearbox)

6 Stage LP Compressor

3 Stage LP Turbine

Turbo Prop
RR Allison Tyne T56-A-15
C160 Transall, Shorts Belfast, Brequet Atlantic, Avro Lincoln, Canadair CL44, Vickers Vanguard, Aeritalia 222.
Reduction Gearbox

9 Stage HP Compressor

1 Stage HP Turbine

Prop Shaft (via Reduction Gearbox)

6 Stage LP Compressor

3 Stage LP Turbine

Turbo Prop
RR Allison T56-A-15
Reduction Gearbox

C130 Hercules
Thrust Strut Turbine drives compressor and propeller

Air Intake

Output Shaft

14 Stage HP Compressor

4 Stage Turbine

Turbo Prop
The turboprop is basically a turbojet with an extra turbine designed to absorb the energy remaining in the gas stream after sufficient has been removed to drive the compressor. The turboprop is a very efficient power unit for relative low speed, low altitude aircraft. Examples are the 748 and F27, and the Transall C-160 and Atlantic.

Turbo Shaft
Lycoming T55-GA-714
Boeing CH47 Chinook

Front Rotor Transmission

Combining Transmission

Rear Rotor Transmission

Turboshaft with Free Power Turbine

Turbo Shaft
The turboshaft is virtually a turboprop without a propeller. The power turbine absorbs as much of the remaining gas energy as possible and the residual thrust is very low.

The main use of the turboshaft is the helicopter and industrial and marine application, including power and pumping stations, hovercraft and ships.
Examples are the Lynx, Chinook and the Sea King.

Check Understanding
Which of these is a turbo jet engine?

Tyne Spey
Pegasus

Olympus

Check Understanding
Which of the following features makes the turbofan ideal for both civil and military aircraft? The turbine absorbs as much of the gas energy as possible

Lower noise levels and improved specific fuel consumption

Very efficient power unit for relative low speed, low altitude It is ideal for high-speed, high-altitude aircraft

Check Understanding
Which of these is a turbo fan engine?

Tyne

Pegasus Dart
Gem

Check Understanding
Which application or type of operation best suits the turbojet engine?

In low speed aircraft operating at high altitudes

In high speed aircraft where low frontal area is an advantage

In low speed aircraft operating at low altitudes

In helicopters

Check Understanding
Which of these is a turbo prop engine?

RB 211

Dart Spey
Avon

Check Understanding
Which of these statements applies to a turboprop engine? It has one less turbine compared to a turbojet It has an extra turbine compared to a turbojet It is ideal for high-speed, high-altitude aircraft It has a very high residual thrust

Check Understanding
Which of these is a turbo shaft engine?

Tyne

Lycoming RB 211
Trent

JET PROPULSION

End of Presentation