Engineering Presentation-STORAGE TANKS - Part-3 - 1

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT
DESIGN OF STORAGE TANKS

Design Of Tanks Sunday, 28 April 2013
SAFETY MOMENT
If you discover a fire:
1.
Shout FIRE and immediately break the glass in front of a red PUSH BUTTON ALARM ACTIVATION POINT (by all fire exit doors). This will sound the fire alarm.
2. On hearing the fire alarm ring continuously for more than 20 seconds, all of us must immediately evacuate the building by the nearest available fire exit. As we have two fire exits, DO NOT PANIC ; walk and do not run. 3. The Fire Wardens INSTRUCTIONS MUST BE OBEYED. 4. All of us should go to the Muster Point located on the grass lawn opposite side of the road to the main entrance. 5. Do NOT leave the Muster Point until you are advised that it is safe to do so.
FLOATING ROOF 2
Design of Tanks (API-650) Part-2
Design Of Tanks
Sunday, 28 April 2013 3
INDEX

Tank Stability Check For Seismic Load. Design of Tanks with Internal Pressure. Design of Tanks with External Pressure. Design of Anchorage For Tanks
Design Of Tanks
Design of Tanks
Tank Stability Check For Seismic Load
Design Of Tanks
Seismic Design of Tank

Seismic Parameters The procedure for finalizing the seismic design parameters are explained below: For sites located in USA or where ASCE-7 method is the regulatory requirement, the maximum considered earthquake ground motion shall be defined as the motion due to an event with 2% probability of exceeding within a period of 50 years, where: SS = the mapped maximum considered earthquake (MCE), 5% damped, spectral response acceleration at short period (0.2 second). S1 = the mapped maximum considered earthquake (MCE), 5% damped, spectral response acceleration at a period of 1 second.
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Parameters S0 = the mapped maximum considered earthquake (MCE), 5% damped, spectral response acceleration at a period of 0 second, usually referred to as peak ground acceleration. Unless otherwise specified or determined, S0 shall be defined as 0.4SS. S0 is same as the seismic zone factor Z as specified in UBC 97. SS & S1 can obtained from ASCE for sites located in USA. For sites located outside USA, these values shall be specified by client. For locations outside USA, if only the peak ground acceleration S0 is specified, SS & S1 can be calculated as below: SS = 2.5 x S0 & S1 = 1.25 x S0
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Parameters SMS = SM1 = MCE spectral response acceleration at short period (0.2 second), adjusted for site class effect = Fa x SS MCE spectral response acceleration at 1 second, adjusted for site class effect = Fv x S1. Fa & Fv can be taken from table E1 & E2 of API 650 based on the site class as specified by Client. Design spectral response acceleration at short period (0.2 second) = SMS x (2/3) for locations inside USA; = SMS for locations outside USA Design spectral response acceleration at 1 second. = SM1 x (2/3) for locations inside USA; = SM1 for locations outside USA
SDS =
SD1 =
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Parameters
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Parameters
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Parameters
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Parameters Once the values of SDS & SD1 are known, use API 650 Appendix E equations to find seismic shear and moment. When the ground moves under seismic activity, the body of the tank and a portion of the liquid (Wi) will be excited (vibrating) in the impulsive mode (corresponding to 5% damped spectra) whereas the remaining part of the liquid (Wc) will be excited in the convective mode (corresponding to 0.5% damped spectra). Each of these parts will be vibrating at its natural frequency-f (where time period = 1/f).
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Parameters The natural frequency of the tank (and the part of liquid vibrating with it- Wi) is such that, its time period will always will be less than Ts (0.2 seconds), and hence its spectral response acceleration is SDS. The time period of the liquid moving in convective mode is:
Where
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Parameters
Where, Ai = Response spectrum acceleration coefficient for impulsive mode. Ac = Response spectrum acceleration coefficient for convective mode. I = Importance factor = 1 unless otherwise specified.
Design Of Tanks Sunday, 28 April 2013 14

Seismic Shear Force Rwi = Response modification faction for impulsive mode = 4 for mechanically anchored tanks; 3.5 for self anchored tanks. Response modification faction for convective mode = 2 for mechanically anchored tanks & self anchored tanks. Long period transition period, as listed in ASCE-7; = 4 for regions outside USA. Time period for the sloshing mode. Coefficient to adjust spectral acceleration from 5% to 0.5% damping = 1.5
Rwc =
TL = TC = K =
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Shear Force The seismic shear force is:
Where, V = total shear force in Newton Vi = shear force from the part in impulsive mode. Vc = shear force from the part in convective mode. Wp = total weight of tank content. N.

Seismic Shear Force Wi Wc Ws Wr Wf = Weight of tank content in impulsive mode . N. = Weight of tank content in convective mode . N. = Weight of tank shell & Appurtenances . N. = roof load including 10% of design snow load . N. = Weight of tank floor . N.
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Shear Force & Moment Wc = Weight of tank content in convective mode
Where, D = tank diameter in M H = Design Liquid height in M
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Shear Force & Moment The centers of action of these shear forces (required to calculate the ring wall moment) are :
Design Of Tanks

Seismic Shear Force & Moment Where, Xi = Height from the bottom of shell to Centre of action of lateral seismic force related to impulsive liquid force for ring wall moment . m. Xc = Height from the bottom of shell to Centre of action of lateral seismic force related to convective liquid force for ring wall moment . m. Xs = Height from the bottom of shell to Centre of gravity of tank Shell. m. Xr = Height from the bottom of shell to Centre of gravity of tank roof. m.
Design Of Tanks
Seismic Design of Tank Seismic Shear Force & Moment

The centers of action of impulsive & convective shear forces, to calculate the slab moment are :
Xis = Height from the bottom of shell to Centre of action of lateral seismic force related to impulsive liquid force for slab moment. m.
Seismic Design of Tank Seismic Shear Force & Moment

Xcs = Height from the bottom of shell to Centre of action of lateral seismic force related to convective liquid force for slab moment . m.
Design Of Tanks

Dynamic liquid Hoop Stress
Dynamic Liquid Hoop Forces.
Design Of Tanks

Dynamic liquid Hoop Stress
Ni = Impulsive hoop membrane force N/mm Nc = Convective hoop membrane force N/mm Nh = hydraulic hoop membrane force N/mm = (h x t) = 4.9 x D x Y x G Y = Distance from liquid surface to analysis point. (Note: For each shell course, the analysis point may be one foot above the base of the shell course. Av = Vertical Earthquake acceleration coefficient =0.14*SDS h = Hoop stress due to liquid head

Dynamic liquid Hoop Stress s = Hoop stress due to hydro-dynamic effect of Seismic load. t = Corroded thickness of shell at analysis point. The calculated values of hoop stress shall be less than 1.33 times the allowable stress as specified in table 5.2 of API-650
Design Of Tanks

Check for Anchorage To check if tank requires mechanical anchorage to resist seismic overturning moment (Mrw), calculate the weight of liquid available to resist overturning as below: Wa = Where Wa = weight of liquid available to resist overturning N / m ta = corroded thickness of bottom plate under shell in mm Fy = minimum specified yield strength of the bottom plate in Mpa. H = the design liquid level in M Ge = effective specific gravity including vertical seismic acceleration = G (1-Av).

Check for Anchorage If the annular bottom plate is thicker than the remaining part of the bottom plate, the internal projection (L) of the thicker annular plate shall be greater than or equal to the value calculated as below if the benefit of Wa in resisting overturning is to be considered.
<= 0.035D
If the actual projection Ls is less than L calculated as above,
Wa = Where L & Ls are the required and available internal projection of annular plate in M.

Check for Anchorage To check, if tank requires mechanical anchorage, calculate the anchorage ration, J :
Where, wt = (Weight of shell, Roof and appurtenances) / (D). N/M wint = (D * Pi * 1000 / 4). N/M
Design Of Tanks

Compressive stress in shell If J is < 0.785, there is no net uplift; mechanical anchorage is not required. If 0.785 < J < 1.54, tank is still self anchored; Check the shell for compressive stress. If J > 1.54 tank requires mechanical anchorage to resist seismic overturning. Compressive stress in the bottom shell course of a self anchored tank : For J < 0.785
Mpa

Compressive stress in shell For J > 0.785
Mpa
Compressive stress in the bottom shell course of a mechanically anchored tank : Mpa
Design Of Tanks

Compressive stress in shell Allowable compressive stress:
t in the above equation is the required thickness of bottom shell course excluding any corrosion allowance. If the calculated compressive stress is more than allowable compressive stress, increase the bottom shell course thickness such that the calculated compressive stress is less than the allowable stress.
Design Of Tanks

Sloshing Height Corroded shell thickness for all other shell course shall also be increased from the required thickness in the same ratio as the bottom shell course. The method for calculating the sloshing height and the requirement of free board to contain the sloshing liquid are specified in clause E.7.2 of the code.
Design Of Tanks
Design of Tank
Design of Tanks with Internal Pressure
Design Of Tanks
Design of Tank For Internal Pressure

API 650 tanks can be designed for a maximum of 18 kPa internal pressure in the vapor space, when additional requirements as specified in Appendix F are met. When the uplift due to internal pressure is less than the weight of roof plate & attached roof structure if any, additional requirements of appendix F need not be followed. When the uplift due to internal pressure is more than the weight of roof plate & attached roof structure if any, but less than the weight of roof, roof structure, shell & shell attachments, apply the requirements of clause F3 through F6.
Design Of Tanks

When the uplift due to internal pressure is more than the weight of roof, roof structure, shell & shell attachments, apply the requirements of clause F3 through F7, and anchor the tank to a counter balancing weight. Requirement of clause F7 is applicable only if anchorage is required due to internal pressure alone. For, tanks requiring anchorage to resist the combined uplift due internal pressure plus wind or seismic, clause F7 is not applicable if anchorage is not required for internal pressure alone.
Design Of Tanks

The above is explained in a decision tree in Figure F-1
Design Of Tanks

The basic requirement of Appendix F is that the roof to shell junction is to be adequately stiffened to withstand the hoop compressive stress generated from the horizontal component of the tensile force in the roof plate due to internal pressure.
The participating area of the roof to shell junction to resist this hoop stress is marked in Fig. F2.
Design Of Tanks
Design Of Tanks
Design Of Tanks

The provided area in the compression ring in the corroded condition shall be more than or equal to the required area as calculated from equation F.5.1. Eqn F.5.1
Back calculate the (maximum) design pressure of the tank on the basis of the as-built area of the compression ring using equation F4.1 Equation F.4.1.
Design Of Tanks

Clause F.4.2 defines the maximum permitted design pressure Pmax for an un anchored tank under the combined effect of internal pressure and wind. If the specified design pressure is more than Pmax, anchorage shall be provided. Calculation of Failure pressure is to be done on the basis of the pressure calculated as per clause F.4.1 using the as-built area of the compression ring.
Also as per clause F.4.3, Pmax < = 0.8 Pf
Design Of Tanks

If the net uplift (uplift weight) at the bottom of the shell is positive, tank shall be anchored to a counter balancing weight and additional requirements of clause F.7 shall be met. These additional requirements are: In calculating the thickness of shell, shell manhole & clean out door, the design liquid head H shall be increased by the quantity P/(9.8G). Design & welding of roof and design, reinforcement and welding of roof manholes & nozzles shall be completed with consideration of both API 650 & API 620. The design rules shall be as follows:
Design Of Tanks

The thickness of self supporting roof shall not be less than that required by API-620 5.10.2 & 5.10.3, using allowable stress as defined in table 5.2 of API 650. The thickness of self supporting roof shall not be less than that required by API 650 clause 5.10.5 & clause 5.10.6. 1. Roof Plate, manway & nozzle material shell be as per API 650 section 4. 2. Roof manway and roof nozzle shall meet the requirement API 650 clause 5.51 through 5.7.6 for shell manway and nozzles. When designed details for API 650 vary by height of liquid head, the values for the lowest liquid level may be used. Alternatively, manways and nozzles may be designed as per API 620 (Provided the design temperature is less than 250o F)

The wording of the above clause (F.7.3) the design rules shall be as follows: is followed by a clause related to self supported roof only. Many vendors interpret this clause to mean that thickness calculation as per API 620 is required only for self supported roof. This interpretation is wrong. Required thickness for all types of roof (except stiffened roof) shall be calculated using API 620 procedure. The above requirement shall be spelt out in the Inquiry Requisition to avoid conflicts in future.
Design Of Tanks

The counterbalancing weight shall be designed so that the resistance to uplift at the bottom of the shell will be greatest of the following: 1. Uplift produced by 1.5 times the design pressure of the corroded empty tank plus the uplift from the design wind velocity on the tank. 2. Uplift produced by 1.25 times the test pressure applied on empty tank (with nominal thickness) 3. Uplift produced by 1.5 times the failure pressure applied to the tank with the design liquid. Effect of weight of liquid shall be limited to the inside projection of the ring wall from the tank shell.
Design Of Tanks
Design of Tank
Design of Tank For External Pressure
Design Of Tanks

API 650 Appendix V defines the procedure for designing Tank shells & roof for external pressure. All Tanks designed as per Section 5 of API 650 can take external pressure (partial internal vacuum) corresponding to 0.25 KPa. The design external pressure can be increased to 6.9 KPa, by applying the rules of Appendix V This appendix does not cover the requirement of design of bottom plates. The minimum liquid level inside the tank shall be decided in such a way as to have no external pressure on the bottom plate.
Design Of Tanks

Equations for calculating the required thickness of self supporting cone & dome roofs are listed. As these equations are slightly different from the corresponding equations in section 5.10.5.1, & 5.10.6.1., the required thickness is the higher of the two thicknesses calculated. The equation for calculating the required area of the roof to shell junction and the participating area of roof to shell junction are listed. These equations are also slightly different from the corresponding equations in section 5.10.5.1, & 5.10.6.1. Hence the required area is the higher of the two areas calculated.
Design Of Tanks

Equations for calculating the required thickness of supported roof plates are not listed. However, roof plate with minimum specified thickness ( 5 mm + CA) is adequate, when the spacing between supporting rafters are as per clause 5.10.44 of API 650. If the spacing calculated as per the above equation is too low, increase the thickness of roof plate.
Design Of Tanks

Design of shell for external pressure: The rules in this section are applicable only if the following criterion is fulfilled. (tanks with very small diameter and very high thickness may not meet this criterion)
For an un-stiffened shell, the following criterion shall be fulfilled.
Where Ps = Greater of Pe & (W + 0.4Pe).


If the above criterion is not fulfilled, stiffeners are to be provided. The maximum spacing between the stiffeners can be calculated as below:
If the transformed height of the shell, based on minimum thickness of shell, calculated in the same way as for design of secondary wind girders are more than Hsafe, Stiffener rings are to be provided, such that the spacing between the stiffener on the transformed shell is less than Hsafe. Apply the same procedure as in the case of intermediate wind girders for fixing the location of the stiffener ring on the actual shell.
Where,
For
Ps < 0.25 KPa
For 0.25 < Ps < 0.7 KPa For Ps > 0.7 KPa
Design Of Tanks

Design of Stiffener
The number of waves N into which the shell will theoretically buckle under external pressure is defined by:
The radial load imposed on the intermediate stiffener: Q = 1000 PS LS The required Moment of Inertia & area of the stiffeners are :
The area of the stiffener ring excluding the area of the contributing shell shall be > half the required area as calculated above

Design of Stiffener
Stiffener rings are to be sized to meet the above criteria. In calculating the available MOI and area of the stiffener region, a height of shell equal to above and below the attachment of the ring may be considered as contributing. The area of the stiffener ring excluding the area of the contributing shell shall be > half the required area as calculated above
Design Of Tanks
Design Of Tanks
Design Of Tanks

Design of Stiffener Design of end stiffener
The required Moment of Inertia & cross-sectional area of the end stiffener regions are defined as below.
Where, V1 is the radial load imposed on the end stiffener H is the shell height. In calculating the available moment of Inertia of the end region, a distance of Wshell can be considered as participating where,
Design Of Tanks

Design of Stiffener
In calculating the available moment of Inertia and area of the end stiffeners, no benefit shall be taken from the roof plate. A participating width corresponding to 16*tb on the bottom plate can be considered as participating, where tb is the thickness of the bottom plate.
Design Of Tanks
Design of Tanks
Design of Anchorage for Tanks
Design Of Tanks

The requirements for designing the anchor bolts and anchor chair are defined in table 5.12
Design Of Tanks
28 Sunday, 28 April 2013 60
Design Of Tanks

The required area of the anchor bolt shall be calculated for each of the applicable load combination in the table 5.12 using the specified bolt allowable stress. The details of anchor chair shall be finalized considering the rules of AISI E-1 Vol. II, Part VII. The stresses in the anchor chair and shell from the bolt load shall be checked for each of the load case as listed in table 5.12, and shall be less than the specified allowable stress.
Design Of Tanks
Design of Storage Tanks
Questions ?
FLOATING ROOF
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Design of Storage Tanks

Thank You For Your Patience
Team Members
Ashok Kumar Rakesh Saxena Rajesh Choudhury
Jaya Narayanan
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MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT

DESIGN OF STORAGE TANKS

Design of Tanks (API-650) Part-2

Sunday, 28 April 2013 3

Sunday, 28 April 2013 4

Tank Stability Check For Seismic Load

Sunday, 28 April 2013 5

Seismic Design of Tank

Seismic Design of Tank

Seismic Design of Tank

Seismic Design of Tank

Sunday, 28 April 2013 9

Seismic Design of Tank

Sunday, 28 April 2013 10

Seismic Design of Tank

Sunday, 28 April 2013 11

Seismic Design of Tank

Sunday, 28 April 2013 12

Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank

Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank

Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank

Where, D = tank diameter in M H = Design Liquid height in M

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Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank Seismic Shear Force & Moment

Seismic Design of Tank Seismic Shear Force & Moment

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Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank

Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank

Seismic Design of Tank

If the actual projection Ls is less than L calculated as above,

Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank

Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank

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Seismic Design of Tank

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Design of Tanks with Internal Pressure

Sunday, 28 April 2013 33

Design of Tank For Internal Pressure

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Design of Tank For Internal Pressure

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Design of Tank For Internal Pressure

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Design of Tank For Internal Pressure

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