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Introduction Mobiles and PDAs are becoming ubiquitous, specially amongst students and theres a need for having all the applications of our real world into our pocket!
One such application is viewing lecture videos on your mobile or PDAs. These videos are typically meant for the computers and not hand held devices like mobile phones, hence our proposal is to disprove this and bring the above said need to reality!!
Problem Statement
Lecture videos are traditionally designed for desktop computers, these require high video bitrates, due to which viewing them on low network bandwidth connections like GPRS incurs long delays and high costs. So the challenge is to come up with some innovation in order to map these high BW videos onto the available BW.
CHALLENGES IN IMPLEMENTATION
There are two main challenges or problems that are encountered in this adaptation process: 1. Network Bandwidth and Cost - Network connections (like GPRS) that are used by mobile phones have a very low network bandwidth (40kbps). This is very low as compared to the bit rate of a video which is in the range of 400-1200kbps or even higher. Higher the bandwidth, higher you need to pay the service provider. 2. Usability of the content - Lecture videos usually have written material, either as presentation slides or in the writings of the instructor. Hence, the adaptation process must ensure that understanding and visibility of the content must not be compromised.
Technical terms :
VIDEO TRANSCODING: Video transcoding is the process of converting the video from one compression format to another. In the process, video parameters like bit rate, frame rate and resolution can be changed to meet the target device requirements.
2. CONTENT AWARE VIDEO ADAPTATION: Content aware video adaptation is the process of adapting the video based on its content, so that the content is visible clearly, even at lower bit rates. But, compressing to very low bit rates degrades the quality for any compression format, and can make the content incomprehensible. Hence the above said process is a trade off between compression and clarity of data.
Study Element is the portion of video showing any medium of instruction. Medium of instruction could be a slide of presentation or an explanation written by a instructor on a white paper or the instructor herself explaining something. We then extract images from each Study-Element at a different intervals; for example one image every 5seconds. The output is the slide-show of the extracted images sent to the client according to the interval at which they were extracted from the element, along with the audio. The user can specify the user experience desired for each StudyElement and has the flexibility for choosing the network bandwidth available as input.
System architecture
The adaptation methodology accepts the video as input. It further accepts the desired user experience and the network bandwidth available, as parameters from the user. The desired user experience value for every Study-Element is accepted. For example, the desired user experience values for presentation element and instructor element are taken as input. The output consists of a set of images, sending interval for each Study-Element and continuous audio. Images are sent to the client device according to the sending interval. For example, if the sending interval is five seconds, then one image is sent every five seconds. The audio is continuously streamed to the client.
User Experience
We define User Experience as a value between 0 and 1that represents the desired level of user experience. This is given as input by the user to the system. since images are seen with some delay, the user would be more satisfied if that delay is lesser. Hence, a zero value means that the delay experienced is large (to be chosen by system administrator),and a value of one means that the delay experienced is equal to one second.
Delay Experienced(D2) = Time that user sees the image of the slide Time that the slide actually started in the original video User Experience(U2) = 1 Sec Delay Experienced
3) Instructor Element
Network Overhead(NO) = Image Size Sending Rate Size Overhead(SO) = Total Size Of The Images Extracted From The element
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