DNA, RNA & Protein

Bio 30
NWRC
Central Dogma
• If you were going to
build a house what
would you do first?
• You would likely need
a plan or a blueprint
which gives you the
design of the house…
Central Dogma
• A cell needs
similar plans
to build
proteins
Central Dogma
• The plans need
to be read by a
contractor and
the area where
the house is to
be built needs
to be staked
out
Central Dogma
• The mRNA
(messenger)
reads the plans
of the DNA and
sends the
message to the
building site
(ribosome)…
Central Dogma
• Materials
(Amino Acids)
will be brought
in according to
the plans by
delivery trucks
(tRNA)…
Central Dogma
• The whole
process of
building the
house will cost
$$$ (energy) to
the architect
(the cell)
Central Dogma –Another Analogy
Baking a Cake (PROTIEN)

You need also In order to make the

UTENSILS (RNA) cake you need a
cookbook…DNA is the
Cookbook (instructions
And INGREDIENTS for making a Protein
(AMINO ACIDS)
Central Dogma
 RNA
• RNA: Ribonucleic acid. Single-stranded
where DNA is double-stranded,
messenger RNA carries single pages of
instructions out of the nucleus to places
they're needed throughout the cell.
Transfer RNA helps translate the mRNA
message into chains of amino acids in the
ribosomes.
 RNA types

• 1. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): make up

ribosomes
• 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA): transport
amino acids to ribosomes
• 3. Messenger RNA (mRNA): copied
from DNA, conveys information from
chromosomes to ribosomes
 Central Dogma
• DNA carries the genetic information of a
cell and consists of thousands of genes.
Each gene serves as a recipe on how to
build a protein molecule. Proteins perform
important tasks for the cell functions or
serve as building blocks.
 Transcription
• The DNA is situated in the nucleus,
organized into chromosomes. Every cell
must contain the genetic information and
the DNA is therefore duplicated before a
cell divides (replication).
Transcription
• When proteins are
needed, the
corresponding genes
are transcribed into
RNA (transcription).
Transcription
• Notice on the diagram
that there is a
template and a non-
template side of the
DNA
Transcription
• Also notice that a “U”
is used instead of “T”
for Thymine in RNA
 Transcription
• The DNA is situated in the nucleus,
organized into chromosomes. Every cell
must contain the genetic information and
the DNA is therefore duplicated before a
cell divides (replication).
• When proteins are needed, the
corresponding genes are transcribed into
RNA (transcription).
• To make this possible, a complex
machinery, like a copying machine, copies
the cells DNA before it divides. That way
each daughter cell receives an exact copy
of the dividing cell's DNA. This doubling of
DNA is called replication.
 Assessment
• 1. RNA is synthesized
from the template
strand of DNA and
used to assemble
AAs into proteins
 Assessment
• 2. rRNA is the central
component of the
ribosome, the protein
manufacturing machinery
of all living cells
• mRNA Carries the
complimentary code from
template to ribosome
• tRNA- transports AA to
ribosome for protein
synthesis
 Assessment
• 3. A codon is a 3
nucleotide code units
on DNA or mRNA
• An anticodon is the
code unit on tRNA
that compliments the
mRNA codon
 Assessment
• 4. RNA polymerase
initiates mRNA
synthesis during
transcription.
 For Further study…
• Animations and concepts look at the
structure of the 4 nucleotides