Bishop - Spring 2013

PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2)

Page 1

Wave Basics: Transverse and Longitudinal

Wave = Disturbance that propagates with a velocity v (l/T) dependent on the material through which it travels

compression propagation oscillation Longitudinal (Slinky, sound) Transverse (rope) oscillation

Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2)

rarefaction

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Wave Basics: Inverse Square Law

2-D Circle 3-D Sphere

Power spread over circumference 2p r

Power spread over area 4p r 2

*Laser light is different due to coherency and collimation

Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 3

Wavelets: Huygens Principle

All points = source of circular (or spherical waves)

Circular Wave

Plane Wave

Wave Sources

Wave Fronts

http://www.falstad.com/ripple/ Setup: Single Slit; 1 Plane Src, 1 Freq

Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 4

Superposition of Wavelets
To find resultant pattern, add waves algebraically. Two sources Longer l Lower f Two sources Shorter l Higher f

Five sources

FOR DEMONSTRATION,

http://www.falstad.com/ripple/
Bishop - Spring 2013

Setup: Two sources; 2 Src, 1 Freq.

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PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2)

Superposition: Same frequency, different phases

In Phase: 0
f ( x, t ) = 2.5 *sin[8 *( x - t )]

Out of Phase: 180

f ( x, t ) = 2.5 *sin[8 *( x - t )]

f ( x, t ) = 2.5 *sin[8 *( x - t )]

f ( x, t ) = 2.5 *sin[8 *( x - t ) - pi ]

f ( x, t ) + g( x, t )

f ( x, t ) + g( x, t )

FOR DEMONSTRATION, we will do this in Mathematica. You can also try Example 3 on the web site: http://webphysics.davidson.edu/Applets/superposition/default.html
Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 6

Superposition: Different frequencies and phases l1= 1 l2 or f1 = 2 f2 2

l1

l2

FOR DEMONSTRATION, we will do this in Mathematica, or try the site:

http://webphysics.davidson.edu/Applets/superposition/default.html (Example 3)
Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 7

Superposition: Similar frequencies give BEATS

f1

f2 = 1.1 f1

Slower Beat Frequency

ftone = (f1 + f2 )/2 fbeat = f2 f1

f1

f2 = 1.2 f1

Faster Beat Frequency

Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 8

Reflection & Refraction: Ray Diagram

Angle is smaller for slower velocity.

Reflection

Refraction
http://lectureonline.cl.msu.edu/ ~mmp/kap13/cd372.htm for an animated explanation

Bishop - Spring 2013

PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2)

Page 9

Reflection: Concave Mirror

Light Source far from Mirror

Light Source at Focus

Light Source near to Mirror

http://webphysics.davidson.ed u/physlet_resources/optics4/de fault.html
Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 10

Refraction: Bending of Light due to Speed Change

Marching Band Analogy
Slower Faster

Bishop - Spring 2013

PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2)

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Refraction: Explanation of Sound Travel at Night

Faster

Slower

http://www.falstad.com/ripple/index.html
Setup: Temperature Gradient 1, 1 Src, 1 Freq., Source in lower left corner
Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 12

Sound Travel at Night Applet Lower is Cooler Sound Travels slower at lower temperatures

http://www.falstad.com/ripple/index.html
Setup: Temperature Gradient 1, 1 Src, 1 Freq., Source in lower left corner
Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 13

Diffraction: Bending of Light without Speed Change

Local file
http://dev.physicslab.org/asp/applets/javaphysmath/java/slitdiffr/default.asp
Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 14

Doppler Effect

Velocity = 1/2 of Sound Speed

FOR DEMONSTRATION,

http://ephysics.physics.ucla.edu/physlets/edoppler_shift.htm
Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 15

http://lectureonline.cl.msu.edu/~mmp/applist/doppler/d.htm
This site has an applet that is even easier to use.

Bishop - Spring 2013

PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2)

Page 16

Shock Wave

Velocity = 3/2 of Sound Speed

FOR DEMONSTRATION,

http://ephysics.physics.ucla.edu/physlets/edoppler_shift.htm
Bishop - Spring 2013 PHYS/MHIS 307 Notes: Waves and Sound (Ch. 2) Page 17