Image-based skin color and texture analysis/synthesis by extracting hemoglobin and melanin information in the skin

Norimichi Tsumura Nobutoshi Ojima Kayoko Sato Mitsuhiro Shiraishi Hideto Shimizu Hirohide Nabeshima Syuuichi Akazaki Kimihiko Hori Yoichi Miyake Chiba Univerisity Kao Corporation Chiba Univerisity Kao Corporation Chiba Univerisity Kao Corporation Kao Corporation Kao Corporation Chiba Univerisity

ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG) - Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 TOG Homepage Volume 22 Issue 3, July 2003 Pages 770-779 ACM New York, NY, USA M10102148 Yi-Neng Wang NTUST 2013

Abstract
Extracting hemoglobin and melanin pigments by ICA(Independent Component Analysis) Shading removal by color vector space analysis Pyramid-based skin texture analysis/synthesis using physiologically-based image

Keywords
ICA (Independent Component Analysis) Inverse lighting Lambert-Beer Law Inverse scattering PCA (Principal Component Analysis) DA (Discrimination Analysis) FPI (Fixed-Point Iteration) Histogram-matching Image pyramidLaplacian

PRINCIPLES

BASIC ICA

 ICA is a technique for separating a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents[1]. Vector-matrix notation[2]: = = =1 n=2 is the number of mixtures . ai are the column vertors of A called mixing matrix. si are the independent components, the pigments (hemoglobin, melanin). Restrictions: si are mutually independent if and only if the joint pdf is factorizable in the form: 1 2 = 1 1 2 2 ICs must have nongaussian distributions, since higher-order information is essential for estimation of the ICA model. Mixing matrix is square and invertible.

 Ambiguities: We cannot determine the variances (energies) of the independent components: Both s and A being unknown, any scalar multiplier in one of the sources si could always be canceled by dividing the corresponding column ai of A by the same scalar, say : 1 = =1 We cannot determine the order of the independent components: Again both and being unknown, we can freely change the order of the terms in the sum. Centering(zero mean): = Illustration: 1 11 12 1 = 2 21 22 2 11 1 + 12 2 , 21 1 + 22 2 11 1 , 21 1 + 12 2 , 22 2 1 11 , 21 + 2 12 , 22 = 1 1 + 2 2

Consider two independent components that have the following uniform distributions: 1 , if < 3 = 2 3 0, otherwise

A matlab example with 11 = 22 = 1, 12 = 21 =2:

Clearly, if 1 attains one of its maximum or minimum values, then this completely determines the value of 2 (one-to-one, similar to Jacobian for n=2). The edges of the parallelogram are in the directions of the columns of A: 2 22 = 1 =0 12
1

2 1

=
2 =0

21 11

However, locating the edges would be a very poor method because it only works with variables that have very special distributions. For further discussion, see chapters 8-12 in [2].

INVERSE LIGHTING

In computer graphics , inverse lighting works backward from knowledge of geometry, reflectance, and the recorded photograph(s) to the lighting of the scene[3].

Radiance , ( 2 1 ):
The flow per unit area and solid angle through a surface oriented with a surface normal is 2 = , , , = cos , is the angle between surface normal variations in , with wavelength give rise to the sensation of color , , , =
3

Irradiance , ( 2): , =

, ,

= , , , : radiance traveling toward the surface Radiant exitance , ( 2):

, =

, , ,

, , : radiance traveling away from the surface

 BRDF (Bidirectional reflectance distribution function) , ( 1 )[4]: , , , , , = = , , ,

LAMBERT-BEER LAW

In photochemistry[5],The Lambert law states that the fraction of the incident radiation absorbeed by a transparent medium is independent of the intensity of incident radiation and that each successive layer of the medium absorbs an equal fraction of incident radiation. The Beer law states that the amount of radiation absorbed is proportional to the number of molecules absorbing the radiation, that is the density (concentration) of the absorbing species. The two are combined and expressed as:
=
(1)

where is the proportionality constant. mole mole = = volume area thickness Therefore, mole = area

On integrating (1) with the boundary conditions (i) = when = 0, and (ii) = when = , ln = = = 10 ln 10 is the absorption coeficient (1 ) is the position vector is the density of pigment( 3 ) is the wavelength of light = is the absorption cross section(area/mol) is the mean path length() =

is the transmissivity

= is the absorptance ln 10 2.303

REFERENCES

[1] wikipedia [2] HYVARINEN A., KARHUNEN J., AND OJA E. 2001. Independent Component Analysis, Wiley Inter-Science. [3] MARSHNER S. R. 1998. Inverse Rendering for Computer Graphics. Ph.D. thesis, Cornell. [4] wikipedia [5]