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Directional Protection
0.9
0.1
0.5
0.5
0.1
0.9
Relays operate for current flow in direction indicated. (Typical operating times shown).
Both load and fault current may flow in either direction along feeder circuits.
Thus, directional relays are required. Note: Directional relays look into the feeder. Need to establish principle for relay.
51
67
67
67
Load
Load
51
67
67
67
Load
Application of Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection - January 2004
B'
C'
C
0.9 0.9 0.5 D'
1.3
0.5
A' 1.7
E'
0.1
Application of Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection - January 2004
1.3
Not Compatible
B
F1
A B' B C' C
A' F2
Application of Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection - January 2004
D'
Option 1
Option 1
50
Option 1
PW
Option 2
PW
Option 2
Parallel Feeders
Non-Directional Relays :F Load
51 A
51 C
51 B
51 D
A&B C&D
Parallel Feeders
Consider fault on one feeder :I1 + I2 I1
51 A
I2
51
LOAD
51 B
51
Relays C and D see the same fault current (I2). As C and D have similar settings both feeders will be tipped.
Application of Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection - January 2004
Parallel Feeders
Solution:- Directional Control at C and D
I1 + I2 I1 C I2
51 A
67
LOAD
51 B
67
Relay D does not operate due to current flow in the reverse direction.
Parallel Feeders
Setting philosophy for directional relays
E 51 A
67
Load
51
51 B
67
Load current always flows in non-operate direction. Any current flow in operate direction is indicative of a fault condition. Thus Relays C and D may be set :- Sensitive (typically 50% load) - Fast operating time (i.e. TMS=0.1)
Application of Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection - January 2004
Parallel Feeders
Usually, relays are set :50% full load current (note thermal rating) Minimum T.M.S. (0.1) Grading procedure :1. Grade A (and B) with E assuming one feeder in service. 2. Grade A with D (and B with C) assuming both feeders in service.
Grade B with C at If1 Grade B with D at If2 (in practice) A Grade A with B at If Load - but check that sufficient margin exists for bus fault at Q when relay A sees total fault current If2, but relay B sees only If2/2.
P
B
If2
Q
D C B D
Load
If1:One Feeder If2:Two Feeders
A M = Margin
If2
If2/2
M M
If2/2 If1If2
If
Establishing Direction
The DIRECTION of Alternating Current may only be determined with respect to a COMMON REFERENCE. In relaying terms, the REFERENCE is called the POLARISING QUANTITY.
The most convenient reference quantity is POLARISING VOLTAGE taken from the Power System Voltages.
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S2 S2
OPERATE SIGNAL
POLARISING SIGNAL :-
Directional Relay
Applied Voltage Applied Current : : VA IA
VA
IA Operate IAF VAF
Restrain
Polarising Voltage
Applied Voltage : VBC Applied Current : IA VA IA IAF MAXIMUM SENSITIVITY LINE
VBC IVBC
IA and VBC
90 VBC
VB overcurrent relays. The 90Vconnection is now used for all C 30 and 60 connections were also used in the past, but no longer, as the 90 connection gives better performance.
RESTRAIN
RCA
VBC
90 Connection - 45 R.C.A.
IA VA 90 VBC VC VB RESTRAIN
OPERATE VA
45
45
135 VBC
A
B C
IA
IB IC
VBC
VCA VAB
90 Connection - 30 R.C.A.
OPERATE IA VA
30
RESTRAIN
VA
30 150
90 VBC VC VB
VBC
A
B C
IA
IB IC
VBC
VCA VAB
Residual Voltage
May be obtained from broken delta V.T. secondary.
A B C VA-G VB-G VC-G
Notes : 1. VT primary must be earthed. 2. VT must be of the '5 limb' construction (or 3 x single phase units)
Application of Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection - January 2004
VRES
Relay Characteristic Angle 0 - Resistance earthed systems 45 (I lags V) - Distribution systems (solidly earthed) 60 (I lags V) - Transmission systems (solidly earthed)
Residual Voltage
Solidly Earthed System
S ZS
R ZL
A-G VA VA
VC VA
VB VC VRES VA VC
VB V C VRES VB VC
VB
VB VC
VB
Residual Voltage
Resistance Earthed System E N ZE G
VA-G
G.F
ZS
ZL
A-G
S V A-G R G.F
S R G.F
VB-G VC-G
VRES VC-G
VB-G
VB-G
VB-G
VB-G
VC-G
Current Polarising
A solidly earthed, high fault level (low source impedance) system may result in a small value of residual voltage at the relaying point. If residual voltage is too low to provide a reliable polarising signal then a current polarising signal may be used as an alternative. The current polarising signal may be derived from a CT located in a suitable system neutral to earth connection. e.g.
OP
POL
DEF Relay
Directional Control
Static Relay (METI + MCGG)
Characteristic Selectable
M.T.A. Selectable
51
I V
+Is c - 90
Polarising thresholds Vp > 0.6V Vop > 0.6 to 80V in 0.2V steps for example
Application of Directional Overcurrent and Earthfault Protection - January 2004
c + 90 -Is
Reverse start