CIPET GUWAHATI

There are two major types of drawings: artistic drawings and technical drawings. Artistic Drawings These are a form of freehand representation that makes use of pictures to provide a general impressionof the object being drawn. There are no hard rules or standards in the preparation of artistic drawings. Technical Drawings These are detailed drawings drawn accurately and precisely. They are pictures that have been prepared with the aid of mathematical instruments in order to record and transmit technical information. They provide an exact and complete description of things that are to be built or manufactured. o Technical drawings do not portray the objects the way they directly appear to the eye o They make use of many specialized symbols and conventions in order to transmit technical information clearly and exactly.

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Drawing Instruments are used to prepare drawings easily and Accurately. For this purpose a set of instruments and accessories is required. Basics Drawing Instruments are:Drawing sheet & paper Drawing board Mini Drafter T square Set Square Protector Compasses Dividers Pencils/Lead Pen French Curve Circle Template

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Drawing sheet & paper
Drawing Sheet & Paper are the Canvases on which drawings are composed by pencils or pens. Drawing Paper are available in standards sizes. The sizes of Drawing papers recommended by the BIS are-A0,A1,A2,A3 & A4

Drawing board
Drawing board are to support a drawing sheet or paper. Drawing board is rectangular in shape and is made up of sold wooden plates fastened together by two cross plates. Drawing board is made in various sizes. Its selection depends upon the size of the drawing paper to be used. The sizes of Drawing boards recommended by BIS( IS: 14441989)

Sizes of Drawing Boards are:-

Designation B0 B1 B2 B3

Size(mm) 1000X1500 700X1000 500X700 350X500

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Wooden Platens T-Square

Ebony edge

Working surface

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Mini Drafter
A mini drafter is a portable device used to draw parallel, inclined & perpendicular lines speedily. It is mounted on a drawing at the top left corner. A drafter consists

of a scale, a scale screw, a scale plate, steel bars, a bar plate & a clamping mechanism.

Scale Screw Scale Plate Clamping Screw

Scale

Steel Bars Bar Plate

Clamping Strap

Clamping Mechanism

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
T square
A T-square is a T- shaped devices used to draw straight horizontal lines. It consists of two parts- the stock and the blade-joined together at right angles to each other by means of screws and pins. The length of the blade in selected so as to suit the size of the drawing board. It is made up of hard quality wood. Now a days T-square is also available of celluloid or plastics with engraved scale.

90

Working Edge

Blade Stock

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Set Square
Set squares are the most common drawing instrument. It is made up of transparent plastics. Two forms of set squares are generally used. (1) 45 set squares and (2) 3060 set squares. Two edge of each set square are perfectly set at right angles. The working edges are beveled and engraved with mm or inch markings. The hypotenuse edge is beveled but not engraved.
45 set squares with protectors

30-60 set squares

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Protector
It is used to draw and measure the angles. Protectors of transparent celluloid are in common use. They are flat and circular or semi circular in shape. A medium sized transparent protector capable for measuring up to 1 is recommended.

Compasses
Compasses are used to draw circles or arcs. Good quality steel compasses are recommended to ensure accuracy in engineering drawing. Two sizes of compasses are available: Large compass: It consists of a needle leg & a pencil leg hinged together at upper ends. A large compass can be conveniently used to draw circles having a diameter larger than 25 mm Small spring bow compass : It consists of two types viz. Bow pencil compass & Bow pen compass. As the name suggest, they are used to draw circles or arcs by pencil or pen. The bow compass are suitable for drawing circles with diameter smaller than 25 mm diameter.

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Dividers
Dividers are used to transfer lengths from one place to other. They are also used to set-off desired distance from the scale on the paper. It is made up of heavy steel. Two types of dividers are available: Large divider Small spring bow divider

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Pencils/Lead Pen
Pencil is a primary tool in Drawing. The accuracy and appearance of a drawing depends very largely on the quality of the pencil used. Pencils are designated by their grades. For technical drawing many grades of pencils used, namely H,2H,3H,4H is hard pencil. B, 2B, 3B,4B etc. are soft pencil. HB pencil are more suitable for lettering and dimensioning. A lead pen is an alternative to the Pencils

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
French Curve
French curves are made up of wood, Plastics or celluloid. They are made in various shape. It helps to Draw a smooth curve passing through a number of non-co linier points. French curve are frequently used to draw engineering curves, loci of points, section of solids, development curves and curves of intersections of solids.

DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Circle Template
A transparent circle template made up of acrylic is used to draw circles of different radii quickly. The common circle templates have circles from 2 mm diameter to 30mm diameter on them

DRAWING STANDARDS
Sizes of Drawing Sheet
Indian Standards (IS) for drawings sheets arte recommended by the Bureau of Indian Standards(BIS) as per SP:46 are given below

Sheet Designation A0
A1 A2 A3 A4

Trimmed Size(mm) 841x1189

594x841 420x594 297x420 210x297

Untrimmed Sizes(mm) 880x1230

625x880 450x625 330x450 240x330

DRAWING STANDARDS

DRAWING STANDARDS
Layout of Drawing Sheet
Margin: Margin is provided in the drawing sheet by drawing margin lines. Margin should be kept on all the sides of the drawing sheet. It prevents the actual drawing getting damaged due to spoilage at the sheet edges. Border Lines: Clear working space is obtained by drawing border lines Borders and Frames: SP:46(1988) recommends the borders of 20mm width for the sheet sizes A0 and A1, and 10mm for the sizes A2 A3 A4.Frames shows the clear space available for the drawing purpose.

Lay Out of Drawing SheetA typical layout of the drawing sheet will facilitate the reading of drawing and make it possible for essential references to be located easily, especially when drawings are prepared by several offices. A standard arrangement should ensure that all necessary information's are included and sufficient margins are left from the edges of finished drawing to facilitate filing and binding where necessary.

Drawing Sheet
Trimmed paper of a size A0 ~ A4. Standard sheet size (JIS) A4 A3 A2 A1 A0 210 x 297 297 x 420 420 x 594 594 x 841 841 x 1189
A4 A3 A2

A1

(Dimensions in millimeters)

A0

Orientation of drawing sheet

1. Type X (A0~A4) c 2. Type Y (A4 only) d Border lines d
Drawing space

c Title block

Drawing space

Title block

Sheet size A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

c (mm) d (mm) 10 25 10 25 10 25 20 25 20 25

SAMPLE OF DRAWING SHEET

Drawing layout
All engineering drawings should feature a title block.

The title block should include: Title:- title of the drawing Name:- name of the person who produced the drawing Checked:- before manufacture, drawings are usually checked Version:- many drawings are amended, each revision must be noted Date:- the date the drawing was produced or last amended Notes:- any note relevant to the drawing Scale:- the scale of the drawing Company name:- name of the company Projection:- the projection system used to create the drawing

LETTERING
Lettering is an art of writing text on a drawing by using alphabets, numerals and symbols. Texts are necessary to provide specific information, like dimensions, notes, special instructions, etc. the text should be clear and concise. Two types of lettering are commonly used (1) Single stroke, and (2) Double stroke. Single stroke or double stroke latter may be vertical or inclined.

PAPER SIZES & FOLDING

LETTERING RULES
1. Draw letters as simple as possible. Artistic or cursive lettering should be strictly avoided. 2. Draw letters symmetrical about the vertical axis or horizontal axis. Asymmetric letters like, F,Z,4, etc., may be drawn as they are. 3. Round off the sharp corners wherever necessary, e.g., D,P,S, etc. 4. Draw all letters legible and uniform. 5. The height of all the letters in one line should be the same. 6. Use single stroke vertical CAPITAL letters as much as possible.

Unit 1

Letter writing

lettering
Writing of tittles, dimensions, scale, notes and other important particulars on a drawing is called Lettering. In other words to write any thing on drawing sheet in a simple and systematic way is known as Lettering. Lettering should, therefore, be done properly in clear, legible and uniform style. It should be in plain and simple style so that it could be done freehand and speedily.

BIs (bureau of Indian standards)

The main requirements of lettering, namely, types and sizes of letters and technique of lettering are specified in IS:9609 -1983(Lettering for Technical Drawing), adopted from ISO:3098/11974(E).

Essential features
Legibility Uniformity

Suitability for microfilming and other photographic reproduction Since time is more important, the lettering should be in plain and simple style so that it can be done in free hand with speed

Types of letter
Single stroke letter

Vertical

Inclined

Gothic letter

Single stroke letters

Single stroke letters are the simplest form letters generally used in engineering drawing. The word single single stroke should not be taken to means that the letter should be made in one stroke with out lifting the pencil. It actual means that the thickness of the line of the letter should be such as is obtained in one stroke of the pencil. The horizontal lines of letters should be drawn from left to right and vertical or inclined lines, from top to bottom.

Types
1.Vertical letters
The axis of letters and numerical is perpendicular to the horizontal axis is called vertical letters.
90

example

types
2.Inclined letters When the axis of the letters are inclined at 75 to the horizontal axis is known as inclined letters. 75

example

example

types
Gothic letters If we give more thickness to the single stork letters then it will be gothic letters. These are generally used for giving main titles. The out lines of the letters are first drawn with the aid of instruments and then filled in with ink. The thickness of the stem may vary from 1/5 to1/10 of the height of the letters.

example

Notes
1.Vertical letters are preferable for execution. 2.Alaways draw guide(2h pencil) and do the lettering (HB pencil) between them.

3.Spacing between two letters should be approximately equal to 1/5th of the height of the letters. The letters should be so spaced that, by eye judgment, they do not appear too close together or too much apart.
4.Space between two words should be approximately equal to 3/5th of the height of the letters.

Sizes of lettering
The size of a letter is described by its height. According to the height of letters, they are classified as: i) Lettering A ii) Lettering B In lettering A type, the height of the capital letter is divided into 14 parts, while in lettering B type it is divided into 10 parts.

The height of the letters and numerical for engineering drawing can be selected from 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10, 14 and 20mm according to the size of drawing. The ratio of height to width varies but in case of most of the letters it is 6:5 The main titles are generally written in 6mm to 8mm size, sub-titles in 3mm to 6mm size, while notes, dimensions figures etc. in 3mm to 5mm size.
The drawing number in the title block is written in numerical of 10mm to 12mm size.

Lettering a

Lettering b