Development of WIND ENERGY in Germany

Introduction of Renewable Energy Lesson Modules at Technical Schools in Indonesia
Development of WIND ENERGY in Germany
Case study of technically and commercially viable wind energy development in Germany Gerhard Fischer
pt. entec Indonesia

Consulting and Engineering
Renewable energy: In 50 Years 50% and in 100years 85%
pt. entec Indonesia

Germany Government Regulations:

1991: Feed-in under the Act on the Sale of Electricity to Grid (StrEG) 2000: Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)
Target of the EEG is:

to cover 12.5% of the electric energy in the year 2010 to cover 20% in the year 2020
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Germany: Feed-in under the Act on the Sale of Electricity to Grid (StrEG) and the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)
Feed-in under the EEG
3,500
30
Feed-in under the StrEG Compensation
28.7
Entry into force EEG
3,000
24.9
2,500
25
17.8
20
[TWh]
Entry into force of the Electricity Feed Act
2,000
13.9
15 1,500
10
7.9 3.7 4.8 6.8

10.3
1,000
2.3 1.0 1.3

1992
2.8
0,500 3.6 0,000
1.6
0 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
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[million. EUR]
Long term target for renewable energy in Germany
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How to support the development of renewables
Legal basics must be clearly defined Tarriffs must be guaranteed to develop private market Manufacturers must see a long term perspective to develop products Banks must have positive experience with financing
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Fixed tariff for 20 years
The tariffs are generally fixed for 20 years.

As of 1 January 2008 the basic tariff is set at 5.07 euro cent. The initial tariff for onshore wind energy is set at 8.03 euro cent and will be paid for a minimum of five years.
The tariff for offshore wind energy is presently set at 8.92 euro cent (initial tariff), with the basic tariff at 6.07 euro cent, for a period of 20 years.
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Germany: development of Renewable Energy Sources
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Electricity production from Renewable energy 2000 and 2006
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Employment effects from the use of renewable energy sources

Wind energy Biomass Hydropower Solar thermal energy Photovoltaics Heat pumps Services
0,000 8,400 8,600 6,700 4,700 6,000 700 2,400 1,600 13,000 10,000 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 1998 2002 53,200 15,600 29,000 25,400
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Employees
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Wind Energy in Germany- installed capacity per year
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Country
Wind power in the European Union 2006 (MW) 2007 (MW) Target 2010 (MW)
Germany Spain Denmark Italy UK France Portugal Netherlands Austria Greece Romania Total
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20,622 11,615 3,136 2,123 1,963 1,567 1,716 1,560 965 746 3 46,013
22,247 15,145 3,125 2,726 2,389 2,454 2,150 1,746 982 871 10 51,900
30,000 20,000 5,000 9,500 6,000 13,500 5,100 2,500 965 746 1200 93,311
13
Wind market world wide- total installed capacity (Top Ten)
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Status of Wind energy in Germany end of 2007

19,460 wind turbines with a total capacity of 22,247 MW were installed over 7 % of Germanys electricity consumption (39.5 TWh) generated during this year German manufacturers of turbines and components hold a world market share of 37 % earnings of about six billion euros in 2007 in exports. more than 100,000 people currently employed in the sector.
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Distribution of Wind Power Plants in Germany
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History of wind turbine development: 1983

1983 the largest wind turbine (Growian) at the time went into operation for research purposes. It had a rated output of 3 MW. The tower was 100m high and had a weight of 350t.
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The generator house had a weight of 350t.

The runner had 100m diameter. The technical problems could not be solved and it was dismantled 1988 with only 420 operation hours.
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It required about 25 years of development to build commercial wind turbines of the size of Growian.
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Historical Wind Technology Development
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German Wind turbine manufacturers
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Example 1985
ENERCON E 16 Diameter 16m Power 55kW Gear
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Example 1990
ENERCON E 32 Diameter 32m Power 300 kW Gear and inverter system Pitch adjustment
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Example 1995
ENERCON E 40 Diameter 40m Power 500 kW no gear variable speed inverter system Pitch adjustment Worldwide most produced wind turbine (about 4400 turbines installed)
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Example 2000
ENERCON E 66 Diameter 66m Power 1500 kW no gear variable speed inverter system Pitch adjustment
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Example 2005
ENERCON E 112 Diameter 112m Power 4500 kW no gear variable speed inverter system Pitch adjustment Tower hight 125m Tower weight 2500t Tower base diam. 12m Generator weight 450t
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Example 2008
ENERCON E 126 Diameter 127m Power 6000 kW no gear variable speed inverter system Pitch adjustment Tower hight 135m
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Future development
In Germany most of the easy exploitable on-shore wind potential is developed. Repowering (modernisation) of existing wind farms presents a big potential (trippling energy yield with less turbines) Future Development will exploit the large off.shore potential in the north of Germany
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Future Trend: Repowering
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Future trends: Offshore pants
The on-shore potential in Germany is highly developed and potentiel sites are rare. One development will be the output increase of existing sites. The other will be the development of off shore potential.
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Future offshore plant
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On-grid versus off-grid
The vast majority of the wind power development is based on the grid connection. The German national grid and the interconnected European grid is very stable and can compensate the very irregular supply by the wind power plants. However with increasing wind power capacity it is more and more a technical issue to handle the fluctuations and it is required to install expensive additional pump storage capacity.
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1. Stand alone Wind-diesel application

With ENERCON wind energy converters and their standard integrated system controls for variable speed and variable blade pitch it is possible to safely connect and operate wind turbine capacity in the range of up to 35 % of the installed diesel capacity in parallel to the diesel gen-sets. (diesel remains to be the main energy source).
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Stand-alone wind (diesel) application

An energy storage system comes into play in order to balance the wind fluctuations and to allow for a diesel-off mode (zero-emission) where 100% of the energy demand can be supplied by the wind turbines, when the available wind power meets the demand of the consumers. Still a backup diesel is required if the wind is not very regular
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Political requirement:
Policy must give a clear direction if it comes to the proper use of resources.
To make all decisions and economic calculations on the day to day costs of resources does not reflect the real value of the resources. It lead to a irresponsible exploitation of resources on the costs of the coming generations
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Potential for Wind energy development

The northern part of Germany has a big potential due to the very regular winds coming from the north sea.
Mountainous areas have as well a regular potential

The biggest future potential is off shore on the costal area of north Germany. The Technology to exploit this potential is presently developed by the private Wind Technology Industries
Remark: The wind potential in equatorial areas like Indonesdia is smaller than in Europe. Still there is a large unexploited future potential
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Thank you for your Attention Terima kasih

Gerhard.Fischer@entec.ch www.entec.ch For more information on please visit us at: Jl. Cisatu 193 Bandung, Tel / Fax: 022 2032128
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Development of WIND ENERGY in Germany

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