Genetics 2012

Genetics
copyright cmassengale
Gregor Mendel
(1822-1884)
Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Pollen contains sperm Produced by the stamen Ovary contains eggs Found inside the flower
Pollen carries sperm to the eggs for fertilization Self-fertilization can occur in the same flower Cross-fertilization can occur between flowers
Mendels Experiments
Antagonistic Pairs
Monohybrid Crosses
P1 Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Wrinkled seeds RR x rr
r
R R Rr Rr
r
Rr Rr
Genotype: Rr Phenotype: Round Genotypic Ratio: All alike Phenotypic Ratio: All alike
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P1 Monohybrid Cross Review

Homozygous dominant x Homozygous recessive Offspring all Heterozygous (hybrids) Offspring called F1 generation Genotypic & Phenotypic ratio is ALL ALIKE
copyright cmassengale 11
F1 Monohybrid Cross
Trait: Seed Shape Alleles: R Round r Wrinkled Cross: Round seeds x Round seeds Rr x Rr
R
R r RR Rr
r
Rr rr
Genotype: RR, Rr, rr Phenotype: Round & wrinkled G.Ratio: 1:2:1 P.Ratio: 3:1
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Mendels Laws
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Law of Segregation
During the formation of gametes (eggs or sperm), the two alleles responsible for a trait separate from each other. Alleles for a trait are then "recombined" at fertilization, producing the genotype for the traits of the offspring.
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Applying the Law of Segregation
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Law of Independent Assortment

Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells (& offspring) independently of one another. This law can be illustrated using dihybrid crosses.
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Dihybrid Cross
A breeding experiment that tracks the inheritance of two traits. Mendels Law of Independent Assortment
a. Each pair of alleles segregates independently during gamete formation b. Formula: 2n (n = # of heterozygotes)
Dihybrid Cross
Traits: Seed shape & Seed color Alleles: R round r wrinkled Y yellow y green
RrYy
RY Ry rY ry
RrYy
RY Ry rY ry
All possible gamete combinations

Dihybrid Cross
RY
RY
Ry
rY
ry
Ry
rY ry
Dihybrid Cross
RY
RY RRYY Ry RRYy rY RrYY ry RrYy
Ry
RRYy RRyy RrYy Rryy
rY
RrYY RrYy rrYY rrYy
ry
RrYy Rryy rrYy rryy Round/Yellow: 9
Round/green:
wrinkled/Yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1
9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

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Dihybrid Cross
Round/Yellow: 9 Round/green: 3 wrinkled/Yellow: 3 wrinkled/green: 1 9:3:3:1
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Summary of Mendels laws

LAW DOMINANCE
PARENT CROSS
TT x tt tall x short Tt x Tt tall x tall RrGg x RrGg round & green x round & green
OFFSPRING 100% Tt tall 75% tall 25% short

9/16 round seeds & green pods 3/16 round seeds & yellow pods 3/16 wrinkled seeds & green pods 1/16 wrinkled seeds & yellow pods
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SEGREGATION
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
Incomplete Dominance and Codominance
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Incomplete Dominance
F1 hybrids have an appearance somewhat in between the phenotypes of the two parental varieties. Example: snapdragons (flower) red (RR) x white (rr) r r RR = red flower rr = white flower
R R
r R Rr R Rr r Rr
produces the F1 generation All Rr = pink (heterozygous pink)

Rr
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Codominance
Two alleles are expressed (multiple alleles) in heterozygous individuals. Example: blood type
1. type 2. type 3. type 4. type
A= B= AB O=
IAIA or IAi IBIB or IBi = IAIB ii

Codominance Problem
Example: homozygous male Type B (IBIB) x heterozygous female Type A (IAi)
IA
IB IB IAIB IAIB
i
IBi IBi
1/2 = IAIB 1/2 = IBi
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Another Codominance Problem

Example: male Type O (ii) x female type AB (IAIB)
IA i i IAi IAi IB IBi IBi
1/2 = IAi 1/2 = IBi
Codominance
Question:
If a boy has a blood type O and his sister has blood type AB, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of their parents? X girl - type
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boy - type O (ii) AB (IAIB)

Codominance
Answer:
IA IB i IAIB ii i Parents: genotypes = IAi and IBi phenotypes = A and B
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Sex-linked Traits
Traits (genes) located on the sex chromosomes Sex chromosomes are X and Y XX genotype for females XY genotype for males Many sex-linked traits carried on X chromosome
Sex-linked Traits
Example: Eye color in fruit flies
Sex Chromosomes
fruit fly eye color
XX chromosome - female
Xy chromosome - male
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Sex-linked Trait Problem

Example: Eye color in fruit flies (red-eyed male) x (white-eyed female) Remember: the Y chromosome in males r r X X does not carry traits. RR = red eyed XR Rr = red eyed rr = white eyed XY = male Y XX = female
XRY
XrXr
Sex-linked Trait Solution:

Xr XR Y XR Xr Xr XR Xr
50% red eyed female 50% white eyed male
Xr Y
Xr Y
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Female Carriers
36
Genetic Practice Problems
37
Breed the P1 generation

tall (TT) x dwarf (tt) pea plants t
T T
Solution:
tall (TT) vs. dwarf (tt) pea plants
t T T t
Tt
Tt
Tt
Tt
produces the F1 generation All Tt = tall (heterozygous tall)

Breed the F1 generation

tall (Tt) vs. tall (Tt) pea plants T
T t
Solution:
tall (Tt) x tall (Tt) pea plants T t T t TT Tt
produces the F2 generation
Tt
tt
1/4 (25%) = TT 1/2 (50%) = Tt 1/4 (25%) = tt 1:2:1 genotype 3:1 phenotype

Genetics 2012

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Genetics

Reproduction in Flowering Plants

P1 Monohybrid Cross Review

Applying the Law of Segregation

Law of Independent Assortment

All possible gamete combinations

9:3:3:1 phenotypic ratio

Summary of Mendels laws

OFFSPRING 100% Tt tall 75% tall 25% short

Incomplete Dominance and Codominance

produces the F1 generation All Rr = pink (heterozygous pink)

1. type 2. type 3. type 4. type

IAIA or IAi IBIB or IBi = IAIB ii

1/2 = IAIB 1/2 = IBi

Another Codominance Problem

1/2 = IAi 1/2 = IBi

boy - type O (ii) AB (IAIB)

Sex-linked Trait Problem

Sex-linked Trait Solution:

Genetic Practice Problems

Breed the P1 generation

produces the F1 generation All Tt = tall (heterozygous tall)

Breed the F1 generation

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