Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Porifera & Phylum Cnidaria

Animalia
Animals are multicellular and heterotrophic.

They are arranged in taxa based on their

morphology (form and appearance). They can be Parazoa (cellular structure) or Eumetazoa (true tissue structure). All possess Bilateral symmetry (a body plan in which both sides around the central axis mirror each other)or Radial symmetry (a body plan in which there is a central disc with other body parts radiating from the center).

Figure 33.2

Porifera ANCESTRAL PROTIST Eumetazoa Common ancestor of all animals Cnidaria Lophotrochozoa Bilateria Ecdysozoa Deuterostomia

Phylum Porifera
Consists mainly of sponges. Parazoans. Derives its name based on the porous body of its

members. Possess 1-3 body forms: Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid The body form is based on the folding of the body wall with the Asconoid form being the least folded. The body wall of sponges is made of sharp skeletal structures called spicules.

Asconoid Syconoid Leuconoid

Phylum: Porifera
are classified into 3 Classes:
Calcarea contains sponges with spicules made of

calcium carbonate and Asconoid, Syconoid and Leuconoid body forms. Hexactinellida contains sponges with spicules made of silica and a Syconoid body form. Demospongiae are sponges with spicules made of calcium and spongin (collagen) and which possess a Leuconoid body form.

Class Calcarea Class Calcarea

Grantia

Spicules

A. Osculum B. Spongocoel
Grantia (cross section x.s.)

A. Radial Canal (opens to inside), lined with choanocytes B. Incurrent Canal (opens to outside) C. Ostium (opening to an incurrent cannal)

Grantia (l.s.)

Class Calcarea

Leucosolenia sp.

Class Hexactinellida

Spicules made of silica

Class Demospongia

Phylum Cnidaria
Includes jellyfish, hydras, sea anemones and

coral animals. Acoelomate Diploblastic, eumetazoans with radial symmetry. Possess an oral (mouth/anus) and aboral (base) axis. Have two body forms: - Polyp - Medusa

Cnidarians have 2 body forms, the sessile polyp (Hydra) and the medusa (Aurelia).

Phylum Cnidaria
Some cnidarians exhibit both body forms

(Metagenesis) in their life cycle (Obelia). The polyp body form is cylindrical with tentacles extending up around the oral axis.
The medusa body form is shaped like an umbrella

with tentacles extending down around the oral axis. Tentacles are used to capture prey.

Tentacles have stinging cells called cniodcyst. The cnidocysts actually have capsules called cnidae or nematocysts that extend and sting prey when the cnidocysts are stimulated.

Cnidarian Body Forms

1. Polyp only Sea Anemone

2. Medusa only Jelly Fish

3. Both Polyp and Medusa

Life cycle of Obelia

Classes of Cnidaria
Cnidarians are classified into three classes: 1.Hydrozoa 2. Scyphozoa 3. Anthozoa

Class Hydrozoa
Most are metagenic and colonial; Obelia and

Physalia. A notable, freshwater exception is Hydra which is solitary and basically only a polyp.

Budding Hydra

Hydra

Class Hydrozoa
A. Gastrovascular cavity B. Gastrodermis C. Epidermis D. Mesoglea
Hydra l.s.

A. Gastrovascular cavity B. Gastrodermis C. Epidermis D. Mesoglea

Hydra c.s.

Class Hydrozoa
A

A.Hydranth (feeding polyp) B.Gonangium (reproductive polyp) C. Medusa bud within Gonangium

Class Scyphozoa
Dominated by marine cnidarians with the

medusa body form. These are sometimes referred to as the True Jellyfish (Aurelia is a typical example).

Class Anthozoa
Contains both solitary and colonial members in which

the medusa stage is completely absent. This class includes the hard corals (brain and staghorn), anemones, and soft corals (sea fans, sea pansies and sea whips).

Hard Corals

Brain Coral

Staghorn Coral

Sea Anemones

Genus Metridium Anemone

Soft Corals

Coral Reef

Soft Corals

Sea Fan