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WEAKNESSES Can be unethical: difficult to get consent e.g. Piliavin Experimenter has less control
Appropriate Hypothesis
Alternate hypothesis
Testable statement that proposes the expected outcome of the study Suggests significant difference between results of the two conditions
Null hypothesis
Findings not consequences of predicted effect but due to chance
Two-tailed hypothesis
Predict that the outcome could fall in one of two directions
One-tailed hypothesis
Predict that the outcome will fall in one direction
Operationalising a Hypothesis
Hypothesis should contain a clear statement of the IV and the DV as well as the word significant and an indication as to whether it is onetailed, two-tailed or null. People in a village will post a significantly greater number of apparently mislaid letters than people in a city [example]
The Procedure
IV if looking for differences between 2 people, you need 2 groups of participants. This is the variable that CHANGES DV this has an effect on the materials used to measure this variable. This is the variable that is MEASURED Controls ensure extraneous variables are controlled as far as possible (particularly for simple things such as age, gender etc.) Ethical guidelines ensure the study follows for participants:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Consent No deception Right to withdraw Prevention from Harm Confidentiality Debreifing
Decide on a Sample
STRENGTHS Varied selection of participants WEAKNESSES Can be ethnocentric (biased towards experimenters cultural influence)
Available Participants
Decide on a Sample
STRENGTHS Completely fair Mixture of participants WEAKNESSES No theory behind how sample is chosen
Decide on a Sample
STRENGTHS Ethically sound
Informed consent received
Volunteers