CELL STRUCTURE

dr. Dedy Syahrizal, M.Kes

Biochemistry Department Medical Faculty Universitas Syiah Kuala

 Form and Function

Life is based on morphological units known as cells (1838) Two major classifications of cells: the Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Prokaryotes (various types of bacteria) have relatively simple structures and unicellular (they may form colonies) Viruses, are not classified as living because they lack the metabolic apparatus to reproduced outside their host cells

Prokaryotes
Form and Function
Prokaryotes are the most numerous and widespread organism on Earth Highly adaptable metabolism suit them to an enormous variety of habitats Certain types of bacteria may thrive in or even require conditions that are hostile to eukaryotes (chemical environments, high temperature and lack of oxygen) Rapid reproductive rate and ability of many bacteria to form spores

Prokaryotic cell

Prokaryotes
Form and Function
Prokaryotes have relatively simple anatomies (cell membrane, cell wall, capsule, cytoplasm chromosome, RNA enzymes and ribosomes) Prokaryotes employ a wide variety of metabolic energy sources (autotrophs, chemolithotrophs, photoautotrophs, heterotrophs, obligate aerobes and obligate anaerobes)

Prokaryotes
Prokaryotic classification
Taxonomy are inaplicable to prokaryotes because the relatively simple structures provide little indication of their phylogenetic relationships Based on cell wall properties: 3 major types: Mycoplasma, Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacteria Mycoplasmas are the smallest of all living cells and possess ~20% of the DNA of an E.coli

Some prokaryotic cells

Eukaryotes
Eukaryotic phylogeny and differentiation
One of the most remarkable characteristics of eukaryotes is their enormous morphologial diversity, on both the cellular and organismal levels Taxonometric schemes based on gross morphology as well as on protein and nucleic acid sequences: Four kingdoms (Fungi, Plantae, Animalia, Protista)

Organelles and fraction : Nucleus Mitochondrion Endoplasmic reticulum Lysosome Plasma membrane Golgi Apparatus Peroxisome

Cytosol Cytoskeleton Ribosom

Eukaryotes
Eukaryotes cellular architecture
Structural complexity allows sophisticated regulation of living processes They have internal membraneenclosed organelles

Structure of cells
Endoplasmic Retikulum

Mitochondrion

Nucleus membrane
Lysosome

Cytoplasm

Plasma Membrane Golgi Apparatus

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

Plasma membrane:
Glycocalyx attached to membrane proteins and certain lipid molecules Possesses a diversity of chanel complexes that transport ions and molecules and receptors that bind signal molecules

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus:
Lamins (protein) form a fibrous network that provides structural support Contain chromatin fibers which is composed of DNA and histones Nucleolus : the site of rRNA synthesis

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

Nucleus:
Nuclear envelope is composed of two membranes that fuse at nuclear pores The outer nuclear membrane is continuous with the RER Nuclear pore plug: RNA and small proteins into and out of the nucleus

Nucleus & Nucleolus

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

Endoplasmic reticulum:
A system of interconnected membranous tubules, vesicles and large flattened sacs RER: involved in the synthesis of membrane proteins and protein for export from the cell SER: lipid synthesis and biotransformation

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Soft Endoplasmic Reticulum

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

Ribosomes:
Cytoplasmic ribosomes: RNA/protein complexes Function: biosynthesis of proteins

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

Lysosomes:
Spherical saclike organelles, 500nm Single membrane contain granules that are aggregates of digestive enzymes (acid hydrolase) Tay-Sachs disease (lysosomal storage diseases)

Lysosomes

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

Peroxisomes:
Small spherical membranous organelles that contain oxidative enzymes Involved in breakdown of toxic molecules: peroxides

Peroxisomes

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

Golgi Apparatus:
Large, flattened, saclike membranous vesicles A small membranous vesicles containing protein and lipid These molecules are transported and processed by enzymes Secretory granules: exocytosis

Golgi Apparatus

Organelles in Eukaryotic cells

Mitochondria:
Cells energy storage molecule 2 Membranes: Outer (permeable to molecules <10.000 D); Inner (impermeable to ions and variety organic molecules) Matrix: several circular DNA and all components required for protein synthesis The number: vary with the cells activity

Mitochondria

Cytoskeleton:
Components: microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate fibers Microtubules: axon, dendrites, mitotic spindle, cilia and flagella Functions: 1. Maintenance of overall cell shape 2. Facilitation of coherent cellular movement 3. Provision of a supporting structure that guides the movements of organelles within the cell.

Cytoskeleton