TEXT BOXES HAVE LINKS TO DIFFERENT SLIDE

The process of cell division by which reproductive cells are formed. There are two successive divisions, meiosis I and meiosis II, in which four daughter cells are formed, each with the haploid number of chromosomes (23 in humans). As in mitosis, meiosis I and II are each divided into four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
GAMETES

Prophase I

leptotene zygotene pachytene diplotene diakinesis

Methaphase I
Anaphase I Telophase I

Prophase II Metaphase II

Anaphase II

Telophase II

Haploid daughter cells

Haploid daughter cells

Prophase I
DNA condensates and crossing-over (exchange of genetic material) occurs between twisted homolog chromosomes. Prophase I is divided into: Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis

Leptotene
Is the first stage of meiosis. This is also the first step in the condensation of DNA, a phenomenon that proceeds through the entire prophase I. The homolog chromosomes are still unpaired.
Leptotene [Gr. leptos = thin; taenia = band / stripe]

Zygotene
The stage after leptotene, the pairing of the homolog chromosomes (synapsis) begins. The homolog chromosomes are hold together by proteins (synaptomal complex). Next, crossingover can happen between the DNA-double helices molecules of homolog chromosomes.

zygotene [Gr. zygon = touching another]

Pachytene
A stage of prophase I, are the complete pairing of the chromosomes and the liningup of the chromomeres. Synapsis, that commonly shifts like a zip from the telomeres to the centromeres, is now at a climax. The nucleoli are often still visible at pachytene.
pachytene [Gr. pachus = dik]

Diplotene
It becomes clearly visible that each replicated chromosome consists of two sister-chromatides Each bivalent consist of a bundle of four homolog chromatides.

diplotene [Gr. diplous = in twofold]

Diakinesis
The chromatides that we in a crossing-over are entangling. Since the chromatides deiverge the chiasmata become clearly apparent. Nuclear membrane and nucleoli completely disappear. The spindle arises: from each centrosomes (in animal cells) at the poles microtubules 'grow'.

diakinesis [Gr. dia = apart; Gr. kinein = to move]

Metaphase I
The nuclear envelop and nucleoli have now disappeared and each pair of homolog chromosomes moves to the equatorial plane, with the centromeres protruding at each side of this plane. The two centromeres of any homolog pair of chromosomes are attached each to spindle microtubules reaching opposite poles.

Anaphase I
The chromosomes move apart toward the opposite poles. At this stage of meiosis I the centromeres do not separate: chromatides within one chromosome stay together. This is a very important DIFFERENCE with anaphase in mitosis.

Telophase I
The chromosome temporarily despiralize and are less visible for a period, while a nuclear membrane is formed around each new nucleus. In this intermediate phase there occurs NEVER doubling of the DNA, not does genetic reshuffling take place, thus also no crossingover among chromosomes!

Prophase II
This stage at the beginning of meiosis II is characterized by the presence of a haploid number of chromosomes that condense again.

Metaphase II
The chromosomes become fastened to spindle microtubes at their centrometers, and the centrometers of the chromosomes line up on the equator. Each chromosome still consists of two strabds, or chromatids.

Anaphase II
The centrometers divide, and the two chromatids separate, each becoming a single-stranded chromosome. The two chromosomes then move toward the opposite ends of the spindle.

Telophase II
Both daughter cells divide, forming four haploid cells. In each cell, chromosomes return to their interphase state, and he nuclear membrane forms again.

Tetrad

Comparison of Mitosis and Meiosis

Mitosis Occurs in the growth and asexual reproduction. Meiosis Occurs in the prodduction of gametes in animals, and spores in plants and in some simple organism. Homologous chromosomes paired up during prophase of first division. While paired, there may be an exchange of parts between homologous chromosomes. Involves two cell divisions. During first division, pairs of homologous two-stranded chromosomes line up at equator. The members of each pair goes to each daughter cell. During second division, centremeters of two-stranded chromosomes divide, and chromatids separate, one going to each daughter cell. As a result of meiosis, each daughter cell receives only one member of each pair of homologous chromosomes. It therefore has only one-half the number of chromosomes in the original cell. Meiosis reduces the chromosome number by one-half.

Homologous chromosomes not paired up during prophase. There is no exchange of parts between homologous chromosomes. Involves one cell division. In the course of division, the double-stranded chromosomes line up at cell equator, centrometers divide, and one chromatid of each chromosomes goes to each daughter cell.

As a result of mitosis, each daughter cell receives the same numbers of chromosomes as the original cell. Mitosis mantains the chromosome number.

Video

Bibliography
http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorla nds_split.jsp?pg=/ppdocs/us/common/dorlands/dorla nd/five/000064119.htm http://www.vcbio.science.ru.nl/en/virtuallessons/cellcy cle/meiostage/leptotene/ http://www.facebook.com/posted.php?id=103068425 88 Biology The study of life Prentice Hall Schraer and Stoltze Page 420-422

FRANZ FERDINANDTAKE ME OUT