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MODULE 1
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands
Standardisation of 3G cellular networks IMT-2000 frequency allocations UMTS FDD Frequency band evolution
Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)
GSM
EDGE
UMTS
WCDMA - FDD
WCDMA - TDD
TD-SCDMA
CDMA2000
CDMA2000 1x CDMA2000 1xEV-DO
5 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
ITU
UMTS (TDD)
IMT-2000
UMTS (TDD)
GSM 1800
UMTS (FDD)
Mobile Satellite
Europe
UMTS (FDD)
Mobile Satellite
IMT-2000
Japan
IMT-2000
PCS unlicensed
Mobile Satellite
PCS
PCS
USA
Mobile Satellite
Mobile Satellite
PHS
Mobile Satellite
DECT
Mobile Satellite
New in Release 5
New in Release 6
New in Release 7
GSM900 Japan
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Main properties of UMTS Air Interface
UMTS Air interface technologies WCDMA FDD WCDMA vs. GSM CDMA principle Processing gain WCDMA codes and bit rates
Both technologies have own dedicated frequency bands This course concentrates on design principles of WCDMA FDD solution, basic planning principles apply to both technologies
10
WCDMA Technology
Frequency
f 5 MHz
WCDMA Carrier
3.84 MHz
Time
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GSM900/1800:
3G (WCDMA):
12
Packet data
Timeslot based scheduling with GPRS Not supported by the standard, but can be applied
F3 F2 F2 F3
200 - 500 m 50 - 100 m
F1
Macro BTS
Micro BTS
F3
Pico BTSs
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+1
Baseband Data
-1
Chip
Spreading Code
Chip
+1
-1
Spread Signal
+1 -1
Air Interface
+1 -1 +1
Data
-1
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Energy Box
Originating Bit
Duration (t = 1/Rb) Higher spreading factor Wider frequency band Lower power spectral density BUT Same Energy per Bit
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Frequency
sec
W G p dB R
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Gp=W/R=24.98 dB Spreading sequences have a different length Processing gain depends on the user data rate
Frequency (Hz)
Gp=W/R=10 dB
Frequency (Hz)
18 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
Transmission Power
5MHz
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WCDMA Codes
In WCDMA two separate codes are used in the spreading operation
Channelisation code Scrambling code
Channelisation code
DL: separates physical channels of different users and common channels, defines physical channel bit rate
UL: separates physical channels of one user, defines physical channel bit rate
Scrambling code
DL: separates cells in same carrier frequency UL: separates users
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P-CPICH Pilot X
CODE 2
BCCH
P-CCPCH
X
CODE 3
User 3 SUM
User 1
X
CODE 4
DPCH1
+
SCRAMBLING CODE X
Time
User 2
X
CODE 5
DPCH2
User 3
DPCH3
RF
Good orthogonality properties: cross correlation value for each code pair in the code set equals 0
In theoretical environment users of one cell do not interfere each other in DL In practical multipath environment orthogonality is partly lost Interference between users of same cell
Orthogonal codes are suited for channel separation, where synchronisation between different channels can be guaranteed
Downlink channels under one cell Uplink channels from a single user
Orthogonal codes have bad auto correlation properties and thus not suited in an asynchronous environment
Scrambling code required to separate signals between cells in DL and users in UL
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SF= 8
C8(0)=[11111111]
SF=1 6 C16(0)=[.........
...
SF=25 SF=51 6 2
C4(1)=[11-1-1] C8(3)=[11-1-1-1-111]
C0(0)=[1 ] C8(0)=[1-11-11-11-1] C4(2)=[1-11-1] C8(5)=[1-11-1-11-11] C2(1)=[1-1] C8(6)=[1-1-111-1-11] C4(3)=[1-1-11] C8(7)=[1-1-11-111-1]
...] C16(1)=[......... ...] C16(2)=[......... ...] C16(3)=[......... ...] C16(4)=[......... ...] C16(5)=[......... ...] C16(6)=[......... ...] C16(7)=[......... ...] C16(8)=[......... ...] C16(9)=[......... ...] C16(10)=[......... ..] C16(11)=[........... ] C16(12)=[....... ....] C16(13=[........ ...] C16(14)=[....... ....] C16(15)=[....... ....]
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W RSymbol SF
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Rb _ phy 2 RSymbol
(QPSK modulation)
HSDPA
Coding rate Coding rate 1/4 QPSK 2/4 3/4 2/4 16QAM 3/4 5 codes 600 kbps 1.2 Mbps 1.8 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 10 codes 1.2 Mbps 2.4 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 4.8 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 15 codes 1.8 Mbps 3.6 Mbps 5.4 Mbps 7.2 Mbps 10.7 Mbps
4/4
25 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
4.8 Mbps
9.6 Mbps
14.4 Mbps
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C1+2
Scramblin g code C2
RAKE Receiver
Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-1 Rx Cell-2 Rx t Delay 1 Delay 2 Code used for the connection Delay 3 Finger Finger Finger Output Finger
Code family
30
Module Contents
Standardisation and frequency bands Main properties of UMTS Air Interface Overview of Nokia Radio Resource Management (RRM)
Load control
Admission Control
Packet Scheduler Resource Manager Power Control Handover Control
31
The trade-off between capacity, coverage and quality is done all the time
Minimum required quality for each user (nothing less and nothing more) Maximum number of users
The radio resources are continuously monitored and optimised by several RRM functionalities
service quality
Optimization and Tailoring
cell coverage
32 Nokia Siemens Networks Presentation / Author / Date
cell capacity
RRM Functionalities
LC Load Control
LC RM
PS AC
For each cell
PC
HC
For each connection/user
33
AC
LC
Load status
NRT load
PS
34
Overload
Load Margin
Time
Free capacity
Measured load
35
36
PS selects allocated channel type (common or dedicated) PS relies on up-to-date information from AC and LC Capacity allocated on a needs basis using best effort approach
RT higher priority
37
Users within one cell Spreading codes Data & control channels from same UE
38
Mitigates 'near far effect in UL by providing minimum required power for each connection Power control has to be fast enough to follow changes in propagation conditions (fading)
Step up/down 1500 times/second
39
UE1
UE2
40
41
MS
Closed Loop Power Control
BS
DL Outer Loop Power Control
RN C
BLER target
Presentation / Author / Date
42
In HSUPA (UL)
The power control of HSUPA channels in UL utilise both
Fast closed loop power control
Both work according to similar principles as the dedicated channel power control
43
Soft handover
MS handover between different base stations
Softer handover
MS handover within one base station but between different sectors
Hard handover
MS handover between different frequencies or between WCDMA and GSM
44
Soft/softer handover
UE is simultaneously connected to 2 to 3 cells during soft handover Soft handover is performed based on UE cell pilot power measurements and handover thresholds set by radio network planning parameters Radio link performance is improved during soft handover Soft handover consumes base station and transmission resources
BS1 Received signal strength
Soft handover
Threshold
BS1
BS2
BS3
BS2
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Hard handover
Hard handovers are typically performed between WCDMA frequencies and between WCDMA and GSM cells GSM/GPRS GSM/GPRS
Inter-System handovers (ISHO)
f1
f1
Inter-Frequency handovers (IFHO)
f2
f2
f2
f2
46
HSPA mobility
HSDPA
Soft handover on associated DCH channels (signalling, UL data) Serving cell change for HSDPA data channel
Connected only to one cell at a time
Notice that soft/softer handover is not supported for HS-SCCH/HS-PDSCH HS-SCCH Serving HS-DSCH cell HS-PDSCH DPCH DPCH
HSUPA
Soft handover utilised for uplink channels as required due to near-far problem Only Serving Cell can allocate more UL capacity/power
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