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SCIENTIFIC METHOD Introduced by John Dewey (1910) Steps: 1. identify the problem 2. formulate the problem 3. propose trouble-shooting in hypothesis form 4. verify the hypothesis 5. formulate the solving
HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
CONCLUSION
Problems
Arise due to a gaps between : What it be and what should be What needed and what available What desired and reality Sources of scientific problem information : Scientific library - Scientific discussion Authorized person - Self experience imagination - intuisi
PROBLEM FORMULATION
ANY QUESTIONS arise in our thought, when we use our sense to: think, observe, analize, hear, taste, touch, knock something in our environment
The easiest way to formulate the problems, is QUESTIONING form: What . (is, if, will happen, do, etc) Why . Who . When . Where . How Its the CRITICAL THINKING owned by any SCIENTIST!
INFORMATION COLLECTION
What do you do after Problem Identification? Looking any information concerning about the problems scientifically (Objective, Systematic, Logic, Critical, Skeptic) How ? searching of any information Interview or asking to the right people Literature search Exploratory research formulate the detailed description of the problems
LITERATURE SEARCH
A. Three functions (3): to clarify and focus research problem to develop research method widening knowledge related with research field
B. Four stages: searching relevant literatures criticizing of the literature theoretical framework formulation conceptual framework formulation
HYPOTHESIS FORMULATION
Do your questions need to know the cause of the problems?
No, just to know the problems Yes, I want to solve it need to formulate hypothesis
What is HYPOTHESIS :
A tentative statement about the relation of the probably cause with the problems.
PROBLEM: why the heartbeat of the patient 100 per minute? HYPOTHESIS : hyperthyroidism is the probable etiology of tachicardia
HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Is the answer to the questions true ? If you want to verify, you need A SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESIS TESTING: FORMULATE the hypothesis IDENTIFY AND FORMULATE the variables included in the hypothesis Choose the best and efficient way (DESIGN) to collect the data based on your hypothesis Choose the RIGHT METHODS TO ANALYSE AND
INTERPRET
DOCTOR TASKS
Patient condition before
Sign & Symptoms The disorder of structure & function, mental, biologic and social
HEALTH RESEARCH
Science cannot be separated from research
Research aimed to develop science by obtaining
knowledge and also new facts, so that can be compiled a new theory, concept, law, or method
What is Research?
One of the scientific method application Triggered by a certain problem Characterized by: systematic, criticism, scientific and formal
RESEARCH: a way to comprehend something by investigation to watch an evidence (related to the problem) that is conducted carefully, therefore will be achieved the solving of the problem
Research in Health Area : an effort to comprehend the problem on health area, whether curative (clinical oriented) or preventive (public oriented)
HEALTH
1. PERSONAL HEALTH
2. PUBLIC HEALTH
- Epidemiology - Health Education - Environmental Health - Administration of Public Health - Nutritional Health
will determine the research type 1. To find theory, concept, or new generalization about health 2. Improving or modifying theory, system, or service program on health area 3. Strengthening theory, concept, system or generalization which have already present
1. Can be used to describe situation about status of health of individual / community 2. Can be used to describe resource to support development of health service planned. 3. Can be made as a diagnostic tool to look for any health problem or failure in health system service 4. Can be made as a tool to establish rules in strategy of development system health service 5. Can describe the ability in cost, equipments, and manpower quality / quantity
measured at the same time b. Retrospective study: backward looking - the effect ------------- the risk factor c. Prospective study: forward looking - the risk factor ---------- the effect
a. Fundamental Research pure research b. Applied Science operational research c. Action Research d. Evaluation Research - Reviews, ex. how far efficacy of a program - Trials, ex. testing medication efficiency and effectiveness (clinical trials)
Exercise
HOW ABOUT MEDICAL SCIENCE? 1. Belong to what branch of science ? (ontology) 2. What kind of approach the medical science can be revealed? (epistemology) 3. How far medical science can improve degree of health or human being? (axiology)
4. Besides LOGIC, are science and knowledge of medicine require to be controlled with ETHICS and ESTHETICS ? GIVE YOUR REASONING