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INFLAMMATION NEOPLASIA
HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
EPITHELIUM:
comprised of cells that cover the exterior surface of the body, and line both the internal closed cavities of the body, and those body tubes that communicate with the exterior --alimentary, respiratory, genitourinary Can be impervious (epidermis or bladder) , secretory (stomach), absorptive (intestines), be a transport system(trachea), or receive sensory stimuli (taste buds of the tongue) Epithelium is attached to its underlying connective tissue by basement membrane
Human skin
Mouse skin
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
Pancreas
Lung
CONNECTIVE TISSUES:
---CELLS:
-fibroblasts -adipose cells -undifferentiated mesenchymal cells -cells of the hematopoietic system ---EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX: -EXTRACELLULAR FIBERS:
Trichrome stain for collagen
-collagen fibers
-reticular fibers -elastic fibers -GROUND SUBSTANCE : -proteoglycans -hyaluronic acids - TISSUE FLUID
Silver stain for supporting reticulin fibers
Smooth:
central nuclei
Cerebellum
HISTOCHEMISTRY
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
IN SITU HYBRIDIZATION
H&E
Use of AlcianBlue/PAS to detect differences in Mucin content within Brunners glands of duodenum
Folded artefact
HISTOLOGY:
THE MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
INFLAMMATION NEOPLASIA
INTRACELLULAR ACCUMULATIONS:
fatty change of liver cells in alcoholism or obesity, glycogen deposits in diabetes, accumulation of pigments like iron after hemorrhage
cigarette smoking induced change of bronchial epithlelial cells to squamous, Barretts esophagitis--where the squamous epithelium of the esophagus is replaced by columnar epithelium)
CELL DEATH:
necrosis (occurs from the progressive degradative action of enzymes on the lethally injured cells) apoptosis: -programmed destruction of cells during embryogenesis -hormone dependent involution in the adult - cell deletion in proliferating cell populations, immune cells, tumors, etc.
HYPERPLASIA:
An increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, which may then have an increased volume. Physiologic hyperplasia: Proliferation of mammary glandular epithelium at pregnancy, compensatory hyperplasia of the liver after partial hepatectomy
-loss of innervation
-diminished blood supply -loss of endocrine stimulation -aging
ACUTE: relatively short duration. There is an alteration of blood vesels such that there is an exudation of fluid and plasma proteins, with an emigration of leukocytes, predominantly neutrophils, into the focus of injury.
CHRONIC: is of longer duration and is associated with the accumulation of lymphocytes and macrophages and allowing the repair process to occur, using angiogenesis and/ or fibrosis.
Hematopoietic cells
Erythroid Megakaryocytes
Leukocytes Myelo-monocytic
Monocytes
Lymphoid
Mac-1
platelets
CD41
B cells
Myeloid
dendritic cells macrophages
B220
T cells
CD3
NK
cells
Plasma cells
F480
Granulocytes
Gr-1
(polymorphonuclear PMNs)
mast cells
Robbins and Kumar textbook of Pathology description of the process of malignant progression and metastasis
CARCINOMAS:
SARCOMAS: Malignant tumors of supporting tissue -chondrosarcomas--cartilage -osteosarcomas--bone -hemagiosarcomas--blood vessel -gliomas (astrocytoma, glioblastoma) -lymphomas -melanomas -rhabdomyosarcomas -leiomyosarcomas -fibrosarcomas -seminoma, teratoma, etc.
IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY is an important adjunct to histopathologic evaluation Epithelium: Keratins --pan-keratin and antibodies to keratins of different molecular weights