MULTIPLEXING TYPES

Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing

Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Categories of multiplexing

FDM

Is the process of translating individual speech circuits (3003400Hz) into pre assigned slots within the bandwith of transmission medium. and, the preassigned slots are always available to each user

FDM

FDM process

FDM demultiplexing example

Example 1

TDM
The process where a transmission medium is shared by a number of circuits in time domain by establishing a sequence of time slots during which individual channels can be transmittedThus the entire bandwidth is periodically available to each channel

TDM

TDM frames

PCM PROCESSES

Filtering Sampling Quantization Encoding Line coding

SAMPLING

SAMPLING THEOREM

If a band limited signal is sampled at regular intervals of time and at a rate equal to or more than twice the highest signal frequency in the band, then the sample contains all the information of the original signal Fs= >2fH

PULSE CODE MODULATION

Voice Frequency range 0- 4 Khz Sampling the Voice Signal @ 8 Khz (Double the Max. Frequency as per sampling theorem) i.e. 8000s/sec Sampling time period Ts=1sec/8000 Ts= 125 microsec Time available for sampling each channel, when we have N total channels=125/N In PCM, Time frame=125microsec ;time available per chl=125/32 =3.9microsec.

QUANTIZING

The process of measuring the numerical values of the samples and giving them a table value in a suitable scale The finite number of amplitude intervals is called the quantizing interval like quantizing interval no.1 is 10-20mV; 2 is 20-30mV etc. in a case of 1V signal. Linear quantizing is where the quantizing intervals are of the same size

QUANTIZING LEVELS

QUANTIZING (one side)

QUANTIZING

Quantization intervals are coded in binary form, and so the quantization intervals will be in powers of 2. In PCM, 8 bit code is used and so we have 256 intervals for quantizing (128 levels in the positive direction and 128 levels in negative direction)

QUANTIZING (both sides)

QUANTIZATION DISTORTION

The deviation between the amplitude of samples at the transmitter and receiving ends In linear quantization, the distortion is more and to decrease the distortion, the no. of steps in the given amplitude range has to be increased. Due to BW limitations, more quantum levels in small amplitude region are planned results to Non linear (uniform) quantization

COMPANDING

Is the process where non uniform quantization is achieved using segmented quantization In companding, to specify the location of sample value, the following are necessarysign of the sample, the segment no., the quantum level within the segment.

SEGMENTATION

PCM ENCODING

FRAME STRUCTURE

In PCM we have 32 Ts and Ts 0 (FAW) carries the synchronization signals and FAW digit value is X 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 . FAW transmitted in alternate frame. In FAW unused frames, supervisory and alarm signals are transmitted Ts 16 carries the signalling information (for 2 channels)

FAW/ALARM DIGIT CODES

FRAME STRUCTURE

For carrying the signalling for all 30 chls and for carrying sync. Data for all frames, in PCM 16 frame pattern is used and it is known as multi frame Duration of multi frame is 2msecs.

PCM Standards

THERE ARE TWO STANDARDS OF PCM NAMELY 1) THE EUROPEAN 2 ) THE AMERICAN. THEY DIFFER SLIGHTLY IN THE DETAIL OF THEIR WORKING BUT THE PRINCIPLES ARE THE SAME. EUROPEAN PCM = 30 CHANNELS NORTH AMERICAN PCM = 24 CHANNELS JAPANESE PCM = 24 CHANNELS IN INDIA WE FOLLOW THE EUROPEAN PCM OF 30 CHANNELS SYSTEM WORKING.

EUROPEAN PDH HIERARCHY WITH BIT RATES

MUX BIT RATE PARTS PER MILLION CHANNELS

2 Mbps
8 Mbps 34 Mbps

2.048 Mbps
8.448 Mbps

+/- 50 ppm 30
+/- 30 ppm 120
+/- 20 ppm

34.368 Mbps

480

140 Mbps

139.264 Mbps +/- 15 ppm

1920

Dig. Hier based on 24chl PCM

MULTIPLEXING OF ASYNCHRONOUS SIGNAL

in order to move multiple ASYNCHRONOUS 2 mbps data streams from one place to another, they are combined together or multiplexed in groups of four. this is done by taking 1 bit/word from stream #1, followed by 1 bit/word from #2, then #3, then #4. the transmitting multiplexer also adds additional bits in order to EQUAL or synchronise the bits in the multiplexer and the process adopted for such synchronization is called justification bits or pulse stuffing

JUSTIFICATION TYPES

Positive justification: Common synchronization bit rate offered at each tributary is higher than the bit rate of individual tributary. Positive-negative justification Negative justification

DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS

BYTE INTERLEAVING WORD / BYTE / BLOCK INTERLEAVING: IF THE CHANNEL TIME SLOT IS LONG ENOUGH TO ACCOMMODATE A GROUP OF BITS THEN THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A BYTE INTERLEAVED OR WORD INTERLEAVED SIGNAL.

A1

A2

A3 A4

B1

B2

B3

B4

C1

C2

C3

C4

D1

D2

D3

D4

DIGITAL MUX CONCEPTS

BIT INTERLEAVING: ALTERNATELY EACH CHANNEL CODE CAN BE SCANNED ONE DIGIT AT A TIME. THE MULTIPLEXED SIGNAL IS CALLED A BIT INTERLEAVED SIGNAL. BIT INTERLEAVING IS USED IN HIGHER ORDER MULTIPLEXING.

A1 B1 C1 D1 A2 B2 C2 D2 A3 B3 C3 D3 A4 B4 C4 D4

Encoded FDM USA&canada

Encoded TDM Japanese

Dig Hier based on 30chl PCMEncoded TDM European