Genetics and Heredity

By :
Jemmy Momongan, S.Pd I JUNIOR HIGH SCHOOL KAWANGKOAN

Basic Competency
To describe the concept of inheritance in living organisms

Indicator
1. To describe the definition of inheritanc 2. describe the role of genes and chromosomes in heredity 3. To describe the terminology of inheritance

Objectives:
1. describe the definition of inheritance 2. describe the role of genes and chromosomes in heredity 3. describe the terminology of inheritance (genotype, phenotype, dominant, recessive, homozygote, intermediate, monohybrid and dihibrid)

Definition of Heredity
Heredity

is the transfer of some characteristics inherited from parents to their offsprings.

Definition of Genetics
Genetics

is the branch of biology which studies how heredity works.

Genetics
Genetics is based from word gene, first
mentioned by Johannsen. Gene is means inheritance of characteristics. Chemical formula of gene: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) DNA first mentioned by Watson and Crick.

Chromosomes and Genes

Chromosome is a number of long, thread like structures appear in the nucleus and show up very clearly when the nucleus is stained. It brings information to the daughter. Chromosome contains of small parts named gene. This gene then arranged the characteristics that will inherit to the next offspring.

WHAT IS DNA?
DNA is a substance that makes up genes. Everything alive has genes. Plants have genes. Animals have genes. You have genes. .

Table of numbers of chromosomes in some organisms

No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Kind of Organism Corn Potato Mosquito Fly Cat Horse Chicken Human
Number of chromosomes

20 48 6 12 38 60 78 46

The terminology of inheritance

Phenotype Genotype Heredity Dominant Recessive Monohybrid Dihybrid

Phenotype is measurable trait that can be inherited. It is a result of gene brought to expression in an environment. Phenotype determines individual structure, physiology and behavior that include the following:

A. character that can be observed such as colour B. character that can be felt such as texture of hair C. quantitative character including

Phenotype

They are the traits determined by reading the genotype. Example : FF = black fur Black fur is the phenotype or trait

Genotype of an organism is its gene constituent( however, only one or two genes are considered at one time ). Genotype can be homozygous or heterozygous

 The first person who explained genetics

scientifically is Gregor Johann Mendel, a priest from Brunn, Austria. He identify genetics systematically. Because of that, he called Father of Genetics.

Homozygous genotype
Is a genotype of an individual that has any pair
or more of alleles such as AA, aa , AABB, AAbb, aaBB or aabb. A homozygous may be defined as a diploid individual with two identical alleles at a given locus Homozygous are also known as pure breeds or pure lines as each of them only produces a single type of gametes, a gamete can be defined as a haploid cell.

GENOTYPES AA aa AABB AAbb aaBB aabb

GAMETES A a AB Ab aB ab

 Dominant allele is an allele that expresses

it self in a homozygous or heterozygous state Recessive allele is an allele that expresses it self only in the homozygous state. Incomplete dominant allele determines a phenotype of a heterozygote in which it is intermediate between the two homozygotes example

Diploid and Haploid Chromosome

Each chromosome that located in each nucleus always in pair. Each chromosome always has its pair or its homolog. Because of that, so in each of nucleus there are two sets of chromosome called diploid. Half of this diploid is from the male and the other half is from the female parent. This is called haploid.

 If there is fertilization, the zygote will has

two sets of chromosome again. Chromosome of body cell will be haploid again if multiply of cell in meiosis happens.

Genotype and Phenotype

Genotype is the structure of gene that determine the characteristics of an individual. Phenotype is the characteristics that appear in an individual.

 In the crossing diagram, Phenotype mentioned based on its appearance. Genotype usually wrote by alphabets. Example, TT is the genotype for phenotype tall and tt is the genotype for phenotype short.

 Dominant = the greater characteristics/ will appear in the offspring/ will cover the other characteristics. (write by capital alphabets) Recessive = the characteristics that covered by the other characteristics/ will not appear in the offspring Intermediate = the characteristics which dominant and recessive equal

Dominant, Recessive, and Intermediate

Thank You Very Much