Environmental Management

Presented by: Naga Thulasi Kolla Roll NO: 004 Rai Business School

A disaster is the tragedy of a natural or human made hazard (a hazard is a situation which poses a level of threat to life, health, property, or environment) that negatively affects society or environment. A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of affected society to cope on its own resources.

A natural disaster is the consequence when a natural hazard (e.g., volcanic eruption or earthquake) affects humans. Human vulnerability, caused by the lack of appropriate emergency management, leads to financial, environmental, or human impact. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster: their resilience.

Disasters caused by human action, negligence, error, or involving the failure of a system are called humanmade disasters. Human-made disasters are in turn categorized as technological/industrial or sociological. Technological disasters are the results of failure of technology, such as engineering failures, transport disasters, or environmental disasters. Sociological disasters have a strong human motive, such as criminal acts, stampedes, riots and war.

Industrial disasters are mass disasters caused by industrial companies, either by accident, negligence or incompetence. The worst industrial disaster on record is the Bhopal Disaster in India, in which a leakage of toxic chemicals from a Union Carbide plant killed over 7,000 people, injured many more, and causes the region's human and animal populations severe health problems to the present

Immediate consequences The immediate consequences of a major accident may be many dead or injured, heavy damage to installations and buildings, and pollution and damage to the environment. Workers and the installations are mostly affected, but serious accidents can also endanger the nearby population and environment.

- Long-term consequences A serious accident has long-term effects at three levels: the enterprise, the people living in the vicinity, and the environment.

- Long-term consequences A serious accident has long-term effects at three levels: the enterprise, the people living in the vicinity, and the environment. People living in the vicinity of the accident may become permanently disabled or emotionally disturbed. Some chemical substances can cause illnesses that manifest themselves long after actual exposure. Besides damage to property near the plant site, the property value itself may decline as people may not want to live near a potentially unsafe area. Hazardous substances released in the accident may be detrimental to the environment, animals, and vegetation: crops may be spoiled and water supplies polluted, land may not be suitable for cattlegrazing or crop qrowing for a long time.

Hazardous substance Methyl isocyanate Gunpowder Liquefied petroleum gas Fireworks Ammonia Flammable chemicals Gunpowder Reaction between hydrosulphate and sodium sulphide Ethene

Deaths

Injuries

Place and date of accident Bhopal, India,1984 Seoul, Republic of Korea, 1987 Nagothane, India, 1990 Sungei Buloh, Malaysia, 1991 Dhaka, Bangladesh, 1991 Bangkok, Thailand, 1991 Hubei, China, 1993 Shenzen, China, 1993

more than 7000 200 000 9 35 40 7 5 63 15 59 15 60 30 >200 52 25

Beijing, China, 1997

Potassium chlorate
Petrol Carbonyl chloride (phosgene)

35
7 1

104
12 101

Chiang Mai, Thailand, 1999

Chonburi, Thailand, 1999 Rayong, Thailand, 2000

Bhopal disaster chemical leak in 1984 in the city of Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh state, India. At the time, it was called the worst industrial accident in history. On Dec. 3, 1984, about 45 tons of the dangerous gas methyl isocyanate escaped from an insecticide plant that was owned by the Indian subsidiary of the American firm Union Carbide Corporation. The gas drifted over the densely populated neighbourhoods around the plant, killing thousands of people immediately and creating a panic as tens of thousands of others attempted to flee Bhopal. The final death toll was estimated to be between 15,000 and 20,000. Some half a million survivors suffered respiratory problems, eye irritation or blindness, and other maladies resulting from exposure to the toxic gas; many were awarded compensation of a few hundred dollars. Investigations later established that substandard operating and safety procedures at the understaffed plant had led to the catastrophe. In 1998 the former factory site was turned over to the state of Madhya Pradesh

Though it is almost impossible to fully recoup the damage caused by the disasters, it is possible to (i) minimize the potential risks by developing early warning strategies (ii) prepare and implement developmental plans to provide resilience to such disasters (iii) mobilize resources including communication and telemedicinal services, and (iv) to help in rehabilitation and post-disaster reconstruction. Disaster reduction is a systematic work which involves with different regions, different professions and different scientific fields, and has become an important measure for human, society and nature sustainable development.

Apartment block split in two by the 1999 earthquake in Izmit, Turkey