DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

The

process of conversion of complex food substances in to simple absorbable forms is called digestion. Human digestive system consists of alimentary canal and associated glands

DENTITION
Each tooth embedded in a socket of jaw bone.This type of attachment is called thecodont dentition. Most mammals have two types of teeth-milk teeth and permanent teeth.This type of dentition is called diphyodont dentition.

Different type of teeth in man

1. 2. 3. 4. Four different type of teeth present. Insciors - 8 Canines - 4 Premolars - 8 Molars - 12 Dental formula of man is 2123 / 2123 Dental formula of milk dentition is 2102 / 2102

Tongue
Tongue

is attached to the floor of the buccal cavity by frenulum. Tongue posses projections called papillae which bear tastebuds

Flow chart of alimentary canal

mouth

buccal cavity
pharynx oesophagus

stomach
small intestine large intestine

anus

Epiglottis
Epiglottis is a cartilaginous flap which prevent the entry of food in to the glottis during swallowing

Stomach
Stomach has three regions. 1.anterior cardiac 2.middle fundus 3.posterior pyloric

Small intestine
Stomach opens in to small intestine which has three regions. 1.U shaped duodenum 2. long coiled jejenum 3. highly coiled ileum

Large intestine
Ileum opens in to large intestine .It has three regions. 1.caecum 2. colon 3.rectum Caecum is a small blind sac which hosts some symbiotic micro organisms . A narrow finger like tubular projection arising from the caecum is known as VERMIFORM APPENDIX ,which is a vestigial organ.

COLON
1. 2. 3. Caecum opens in to the colon which has 3 regions. Ascending colon Transverse colon Descending colon The descending colon opens in to the rectum. Rectum opens out through anus

Walls of alimentary canal

1. 2. 3. 4. Serosa Muscularis Submucosa Mucosa The wall of alimentary canal from oesophagus to rectum posses 4 layers. Serosa has thin mesothelium with connective tissue Muscularis has inner circular and outer longitudinal muscles. Submucosa has nerves , blood, and lymph vessels

RUGAE
The irregular folds of tissues seen in the mucosal layer of stomach is rugae.
VILLI The small finger like projections in the wall of small intestine is known as villi. Villi increases the surface area of absorption. They are supplied with a net work of capillaries and a large lymph vessel called lacteal.

VILLI

VILLUS

DIGESTIVE GLANDS

1.
2. 3. 4. 5.

Digestive glands include Salivary glands Cardiac glands Liver Pancreas Intestinal glands

Salivary glands
1. 2. 3. Three pairs of salivary glands are present. They secrete saliva . Parotid {cheek} Sub maxillary (submandibular) lower jaw Sub linguals (below the tongue)

LIVER

Liver is the largest gland It has two lobes Structural unit of liver is hepatic lobules Each lobule is covered by connective tissue sheath called Glissons capsule Secretion of liver is called bile

Gall bladder
Gall bladder is the organ which stores bile. The duct of gall bladder is known as cystic duct. The cystic duct along with hepatic duct forms a common bile duct. The bile duct and the pancreatic duct open together in to the duodenum as the common hepato pancreatic duct. Sphincter of oddi guard the hepato pancreatic duct.