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Objectives
Factors in aircraft performance Performance tables and graphs Weight and balance
Performance Factors
Performance Factors
When flying a particular aircraft, those factors do not change The air you fly in, however, does change Those changes affect the airs density
Performance Factors
Performance Factors
the intake Thrust performance drops since there is less efficiency in thin air Lift performance drops because the air exerts less force on the airfoils
Performance Factors
To help with determining performance of aircraft, a set of standards was created for all the factors that affect density
These standards are adopted by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)
Performance Factors
Performance Factors
Air pressure is due to the fact that air is affected by gravity and therefore has weight
Performance Factors
When pressure decreases the air can spread out leaving less volume. This will decrease the density of the air Density of the air is directly proportional to the pressure of the air
Performance Factors
Temperature affects density inversely As temperature increases, density decreases. As temperature decreases, density increases.
Performance Factors
It looks as though pressures affect on density should be canceled by temperature The affect of pressure ends up being greater
Performance Factors
Performance Factors
When it comes to performance charts only temperature and pressure are factored in often times
However humidity should still be taken into consideration especially when your aircraft performance is close to its limit.
Performance Factors
So to sum it up
Pressure decreases, performance
decreases Temperature decrease, performance increases Altitude increases, performance decreases Humidity increases, performance decreases
Performance Factors
Example: Density altitude is 5000 feet at the surface. This means the plane will perform as if it were at 5000 feet on a standard day.
Performance Factors
Weight will also affect performance, specifically climb performance More weight means more angle of attack which means more drag More thrust is required to counter drag and less is available for climb
There is no standard format to deliver performance data Some manufacturers use tables and others use graphs A pilot must also note which factors previously mentioned are even considered in the data.
Takeoff Performance
Takeoff Performance
Notice the runway conditions and the type of takeoff Also note the need to find our headwind
Takeoff Performance
Takeoff Performance
Headwind 22 kts Pressure Altitude 2345 Temperature 17 degrees
Takeoff Performance
Takeoff Performance
1056 1156 = 100 100 x 34.5% (.345) = 34.5 feet 1056 + 34.5 = 1090.5 feet
Takeoff Performance
But youre not done! Dont forget wind! Decrease 10% for each 9 knots
9(kts)
10(%) =
22(kts)
Cross Multiply
x(%)
9x = 220
x = 220/9
24.4%
Takeoff Performance
Takeoff Performance
Climb Charts
Climb Charts
Climb Charts
Cruise Charts
Cruise Performance
Pressure altitude: 6,000 feet Temperature: 13 deg Power: 2500 RPM and 23 MP Usable Fuel 460 lb What is the maximum flight time?
Cruise Performance
At 13 degrees you have 88.5 pph 460lb/88.5 pph = 5.16 hours 5 hours and 12 minutes
Cruise Performance
Range Profile
Uses percentage of power to determine maximum miles Note the zero wind condition
Endurance Profile
Uses percentage of power to determine maximum hours of flight Seems more useful since range profile cannot account for wind
Landing Distance
peace