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Experiment 3
Component classifications
Passive devices - All electrical devices which consume energy are called passive devices, like resistors, inductors and capacitors. Active devices - Active devices produce energy that can be used to provide power gain in an electronic circuit . This means that the power of their output signal may be more than
Introduction to Diodes
A diode is an electrical device allowing current to move through it in one direction with far greater ease than in the other. Most diodes are similar in appearance to a resistor and will have a painted line on one end showing the direction or flow (white side is negative). If the negative side is on the negative end of the circuit, current will flow. If the negative is on the positive side of the circuit no current will flow.
Donor atom
Example: Adding other atoms with 3 valence electrons such as Boron(B), Gallium(Ga) and Indium(In) to Silicon to create a deficiency of electrons or hole charges.
Acceptor atom
Diode biasing
A forward-biased diode conducts current and drops a small voltage across it, leaving most of the battery voltage dropped across the lamp.
If the battery's polarity is reversed, the diode becomes reverse-biased, and drops all of the battery's voltage leaving none for the lamp
Reverse Bias
If no voltage applied is across a semiconductor diode, a thin depletion region exists around the region of the P-N junction, preventing current flow. If a reverse-biasing voltage is applied across the P-N junction, this depletion region expands, further resisting any current through it
Forward Bias
If a forward-biasing voltage is applied across the P-N junction, the depletion region collapses becoming thinner. The diode becomes less resistive to current through it. In order for a sustained current to go through the diode; though, the depletion region must be fully collapsed by the applied voltage. This takes a certain minimum voltage to accomplish, called the forward voltage.
I-V characteristics
A reverse-biased diode prevents current from going through it, due to the expanded depletion region. In actuality, A very small amount of current can and does go through a reversebiased diode, called the leakage current, but it can be ignored for most purposes. The ability of a diode to withstand reverse-bias voltages is limited, as it is for any insulator. If the applied reverse-bias voltage becomes too great, the diode will experience a condition known
Review
1. A diode is an electrical component acting as a one-way
valve for current. When voltage is applied across a diode in such a way that the diode allows current, the diode is said to be forward-biased.
2. When voltage is applied across a diode in such a way
biased diode is called the forward voltage. Silicon diodes have a forward voltage of approximately 0.7 volts. Germanium diodes have a forward voltage of approximately 0.3 volts.
4. The maximum reverse-bias voltage that a diode can
Introduction to transistors
A transistor is a semiconductor device, commonly used as an amplifier or an electrically controlled switch. The transistor is the fundamental building block of the circuitry that governs the operation of computers, cellular phones, and all other modern electronics This section will be mainly concerned with the bipolar junction transistor (BJT). Bipolar junction transistors are similar to junction diodes, but one more junction is included.
NPN
PNP
Transistor as a switch
Transistors can be used as current-controlled switch. This is because, a relatively small flow of electrons sent through the base of the transistor has the ability to exert control over a much larger flow of electrons through the collector. Suppose we had a lamp that we wanted to turn on and off by means of a switch. We need to add something more so that we can have base current.
Transistor as a switch
Consider this example, where a solar cell is used to control the transistor, which in turn controls the lamp: Or, we could use a thermocouple to provide the necessary base current to turn the transistor on:
Review Review
Transistors may be used as switching elements to control DC power to a load. The switched (controlled) current goes between emitter and collector, while the controlling current goes between emitter and base. When a transistor has zero current through it, it is said to be in a state of cutoff (fully nonconducting). When a transistor has maximum current through it, it is said to be in a state of saturation (fully conducting).
Introduction to transformer
A basic transformer consists of:
1.A primary coil or winding. 2.A secondary coil or winding. 3.A core that supports the
coils or windings.
Faraday's Law: A changing magetic flux through a loop of wire induces an electromotive force (emf : voltage) and push the current around the circuit.
Step-down transformer
If the first coil has more turns that the second coil, the secondary voltage is smaller than the primary voltage: This is called a step-down transformer. If the second coil has half as many turns as the first coil, the secondary voltage will be half the size of the primary voltage; if the second coil has one tenth as many turns, it has one tenth the voltage.
Step-up transformer
Reversing the situation, we can make a step-up transformer that boosts a low voltage into a high one: In a step-up transformer, we use more turns in the secondary than in the primary to get a bigger secondary voltage and a smaller secondary current.
Transformer at home
Electronic devices such as laptop computers and chargers for MP3 players and mobile phones use relatively tiny voltages: a laptop needs about 15 volts, an iPod charger needs 12 volts, a cellphone typically needs less than 6 volts when you charge up its battery. So electronic appliances like these have small transformers built into them (often mounted at the end of
Transformer application
Automobile Ignition System
Iron C
Output power = IV -------------------Why is output at low current and high voltage, and not high current and low voltage? --------------------