The State through the Ages of History

Bba 8 PS

Historical Evolution of the State

The degree of evolution may vary from state to state due to difference in developmental patterns of society, economy and politics Major stages of evolution are almost same
First Stage- The Stateless societies of Primitive times -No written record available regarding these stateless societies -Anthropologists and Archeologists believe in the Primitive states, study reveal that society transformed from matriarchal to Patriarchal
-growth of Society from Family- clan Tribe transformed into a TRIBAL STATE where central authority is rested with Tribal Chief

Tribal State
Existed near rivers of Nile, Euphrates and Tigris in ancient Iraq The tribal kingdoms appeared in 5000BC Belonged to Mesopotamian Civilization, Indus valley civilization, Egyptian civilization and Confucius civilization King or tribal chief had to be a skilled soldier and was bound to follow the council of elders

Oriental Empire
The growth of politics and economy(economic system)resulted in transformation from tribal to oriental empire- Nile, Tigris, Indus, yangtse. Rule of despotic Kings- total submission of the people- Pay Tax to the king- No Liberty Weak Political structures- Unstable form of State Didnt transformed into Institutions Kept a large region & Primitive man in order and discipline for considerable time period

The Greek City State

Division into valleys and islands in Ancient Greece led to the system City States System evolved from Monarchy AristocracyDemocracy Population had developed sense of political consciousness and interest in public affairs Political system lacked unity among the city states. Concept of politics developed for welfare society Inter state rivalry led to the fall of city state to Macedonia and later to Rome

The Roman Empire

Rome was just a city state in ancient Italy. United with other states formed A republican system. Conquered territories, engulfed Spain, Germany, France, England and Greece. Roman domination in all spheres of life. Denial of Individual rights and liberty GREECE GAVE TO HER CITIZENS DEMOCRACY AND FREEDOM BUT COULDNT GIVE THEM UNITY. ROME GAVE THEM UNITY BUT FAILED TO GIVE THEM DEMOCRACY AND FREEDOM

The Feudal State

Roman fell to Teutonic tribes(Germany) They believed in the ideals of Individualism, liberty and local self government The system was a compromise of Roman ideas and teutonic ideals of politics. Feudal System emerged-kingdoms, principalities and estates. Land mostly divided among Feudal nobles Individuals owed direct allegiance to the landlords and to the king through him No central law- NO Liberty- no common citizenship or common law Feudal lords exercised power and maintained order

Modern Nation State

Feudal structures started getting weak at the beginning of 16th century Power began to concentrate in the hands of absolute monarch over a fixed territory Wars in Europe led to this transformation Officially first national state was created in England followed by France, Germany, Italy, Spain ETC Same territory, language and tradition led to formation of nation states Territorial States- Nationalism- Sovereignty- Democracy Freedom-liberty- Unity Evolution from state to Global political system.

Platonic Conception of Ideal State

Wrote The Republic Presented the idea of an Ideal State on the basis of fundamental human needs-food-shelter and clothes Moreover for other needs individual cooperate with other individuals in the society that breeds interdependence which led to state formation on the basis of collectivism(state superior over citizens) Plato was inspired by Pythagorean theory of human natureclassify human nature i- Reason ii-Courage iii-Appetite

Ideal state of Plato

Based of three classes i-Ruling class (equipped with knowledge and Philosophy) ii- Military class (Courage and military strength for defence) iii- Professional class (to be ruled and carry out ordinary functions of the state His class system is based on his idea of Educational system-he said body needs food and soul need education Justice in the society is pre- requisite for an ideal state which is possible in small administrative units in any federation King must be a philosopher in an ideal state who can use reason and intelligence for the statecraft management The best system is Absolute monarchy for an ideal state Communist form of state which is sacred and supreme No Arts and literature to sustain purity of the state Gender Equality

Aristotles Idea of a State

Wrote the influential book Politics Opened an academy called Lyceum for the study of philosophy Believed in concept of Society where human beings live as a community- Social Animal Origins of state lies in the formation and development of Society. Individual- Family- Tribes(Villages)- States

Idea of State
Political Animal- signifies two aspects Natural growth or evolution Organic Theory- State is like and individual- As his body works with performance of different organs Similarly state consists of different organs Aristotle first time characterized different organs of the Govt in a State i.e Executive, Legislature and Judiciary

Conti
Family is the starting point of human civilization and State is the Last Progress from family to state is evolutionary, natural and needed for human progress- it isnt imposed An individual out of the state is nothing Collectivism Should be balanced. Individual rights should be recognized in a State

Classifications in a State
Rule of one- Pure Form ( Monarchy) Corrupt Form Tyranny Rule of Few- Aristocracy- Oligarchy Rule of Many- Polity- democracy Philosopher King

Machiavellian Concept of State

Wrote famous Book THE PRINCE Ethics and religion are subordinate to Politics in a state Morality in invalid in Politics Evil cannot be resisted by doing good, it can be resisted through a greater evil force Goodness and gentleness encourages the evil Similarly war can be resisted by WAR and stronger agression He says Arm yourself to disarm your enemy The ruler should be as cunning as Fox and as brave as a Lion it is wrong for the ruler to tell a lie but some times it is necessary for the best interest of state Ends justify the means
Seize all the territory you can Maintain friendly relations with minor powers but keep greater powers down Self-help is preferable to alliances Traditional morality can be abandoned for the state

Thomas Hobbes Concept of State

British Philosopher who wrote the Famous Book Leviathan(Huge sea mammal) Presented Social Contract Theory of Origin of State

Hobbes Idea of a state

Wrote Leviathan in 1651 Gave theory of Social Contract Pre-Social human beings were brutal, selfish, anti social( Pre- State era) State of Nature In continuous state of war Rule-Might is right In a state man did an acceptable contract(self for liberty) Surrender individual powers to state and government inside

Features
Nature of Govt-absolute power Government and State both are ONE individual to obey both(Collectively and Separately) Freedom-Given up by the individual- level of freedom, liberty rights would be decided by the Ruler Sovereignty-Ruler is sovereign, his words are laws, he exercise absolute power

Al Mawardis idea of a State

Died in 1058 AC Professor at Basra University Baghdad Universal principle for the establishment of state by Prophet Muhammad PBUH Further strengthened by Caliphs particularly Hazrat Umer Ensure equality, assure reformation, distribution of Wealth and citizen rights Welfare State

Caliphate
Concept of Imam Representative of Allah Appointment by Majority( Qualified) or Nominated by Predecessor Imam should by male, adult, fit, scholarly, practicing Muslim, foresighted, brave, man of justice, character, charismatic, neutral Concept of Wazarat

Wazarat
Political Executive to assist the Sultan Two types -Wazarat e Tafweez Have same powers as Imam but imam is superior in three ways Imam can depose the Caliph, appoint his successor and cancel appointee of Wazire Tafweez -Wazarat e Tanfeez He has to implement the orders of Imam With his removal his team of Ministers will resign

QAZA
Office of Qazi Who can test all the officials of the state Office of DIWAN -department of defence -Provincial Boundaries -Treasury SIPA SALAR

Ibne Khaldun
Studied history of human civilization in a scientific way Famous for Tahreeke Ibnekahldun Gave theory of Asabiya-social cohesion(nationalism)- natural human tendency-love for blood relatives-for related entities This concept lead to the idea of sovereignty, which characterized the entity of State

Asabiya
Asabiya is source of honor and dignity which translates into social cohesion-powerful state Asabiya is related to the concept of nationalism Stages of State development State came into being on the basis of three orientations -solidarity -religious force -satisfaction of natural desires

Three stages
Growth Maturity Decline 40 years for each stage-so a states cycle is 120 years 5 steps First-formative phase-developmental stageleaders work hard

stages
Second-absolute kingship-voluntary army change into paid army-bureaucracy formed Third-leader decorate cities, luxury and leisure starts-enhances political authority, specific laws are made Fourth-feeling of comfort dominates people and leaders are carless and ignore struggle Fifth-moral degradation, weak difference, Decline

Shah wali-ullah
Four stages of development Social life State (Madina) Government (shura) Politics