TELE VISION

TE LEVI S I O
Derived from the Greek word tele, which means at a distance, and vision, which means to see. TV literally means to see at a distance.

Video Signal
Derived from the Latin word videre that means to see. The electrical variations that correspond to changes in light values that is used to reassemble image on the screen of the picture tube at the receiver.
Camera Tube light in video signal out

Picture Tube video signal in light out

Video Operation
Light image is converted into an electric signal for only one elementary area at a time using a camera tube. The video signal produced by the camera tube consists of sequential variations in time for the different areas. The scanning sequence is done dot by dot from left to right and line by line from top to bottom at a very fast rate to cover the entire captured picture then modulated for transmission.

Video Operation
The scanning procedure utilizes timing pulses that can be used with the video signal to synchronize the scanning at the camera tube and picture tube. The small areas of light or shade and of color are projected to the correct position on the screen to reconstruct the image.

Audio Signal
Microphone

Derived from the Latin word audire that means to hear. The electrical variations that corresponds to aural information.

sound in

audio signal out

Loudspeaker audio signal in sound out

Audio Operation
Sound signal is transformed into electrical signal using microphones.
The audio signal is demodulated and reconstructed to form a replica of the original sound.

BASIC TV OPERATION
A TV system may reproduce faithfully: be required to

The shape of each object or structural content. The relative brightness of each object or tonal content. The motion or kinematic content. The color or chromatic content. The perspective or stereoscopic content.

PICTURE TUBE

is a cathode-ray tube (CRT) with an electron gun and a phosphor screen inside the evacuated glass envelope. It performs a synchronized scanning sequence with the camera in projecting the output image on the screen.

the CRT in the receiver performs the opposite functions to the camera tube in the transmitter, converting the electrical video signal into an optical image.

Monochrome Picture Tube

has one electron gun for the phosphor screen.

 Control Grid, G1 almost completely covers the cathode cylinder, but a smaller aperture in G1 allows electrons to pass through. The negative bias at the control grid enables G1 to control the space charge of electrons emitted from the cathode.
Screen Grid, G2 also considered the first anode. It accelerates electrons in the beam to a narrow path. G2 contains internal baffles to restrict the beam to a narrow path.

 Focus Grid, G3 forms an electrostatic lens with G2 to force the electrons into paths that come to a point at the phosphor screen.
Ultor has metallic spring fingers that make contact with the inner Aquadag coating for the anode voltage. Aluminum Coating A very thin film that increases the brightness of the screen and ensures that the brightness is even. Phosphor Screen emits light when bombarded with an electron beam.

Tricolor Picture Tube

The screen has red, green and blue phosphors, and three electron beams are used, one for each primary color. The aperture mask, known as the shadow mask, has holes to maintain the separation of colors.

Shadow Mask
is a perforated thin steel sheet, supported by a heavy internal frame to maintain its rigidity, with about 300,000 holes that is mounted at the back of the phosphor dot screen.

Exterior Magnetic Components

 Deflection Yoke has Vertical and Horizontal scanning coils that deflects all three beams to form the scanning raster. Convergence Yoke is a magnetic yoke has individual adjustments for each color to make the beams converge through the openings inn the shadow mask. Color Purity Magnetic Rings These rings are adjusted for bam landing at the screen, to obtain good color purity. The two magnetic rings are moved as a centering adjustment for all three electron beams.

Types of Tricolor Gun

Delta Guns
The three electron guns are mounted at the corners of an equilateral triangle, forming a delta. The ability to maintain the three beams at all points on the screen is complicated because there is no combination that the guns are in the same vertical or horizontal plane.

The first shadow mask tubes, produced by Radio Corporation of America (RCA), used the delta-gun arrangement.

Types of Tricolor Gun

In-Line Guns
All three guns are in one horizontal plane on a diameter of the tube neck, where green is usually at the center. This requires a wider This system eases envelope diameter but the color convergence the design still enables because one gun is at excellent focus to be the center and the maintained with a small other two are in the spot size for high same horizontal plane. resolution in the picture.

Types of Tricolor Gun

Sony Trinitron Gun
All the electrodes are contained in a single gun but with three cathodes that produces the three beams. The control and accelerating grids have three holes to accommodate the three beams.

SCANNING
Raster The rectangular area of the picture tube scanned by the electron beam as it is deflected horizontally and vertically.

Line Flyback or Line Retrace A very quick deflection back to the left-hand side to start a new line when the beam reaches the right most side.

SCANNING
Field Flyback or Field Retrace A quick deflection back to the top side to start a new field when the beam reaches the bottom most side. Pixel It means picture element. The smallest area of light or shade.

Linear Scanning
Horizontal Scanning

The movement of the beam from the left-hand side to the right-hand side and quickly deflecting it back from the left-hand side for horizontal retrace. Vertical Scanning The movement of the beam from the top to the bottom and quickly deflecting back from the top for vertical retrace.

Vertical and Horizontal Scanning Sequence

1. Line starts at the top left hand corner of the picture. At this line and the succeeding lines are scanned horizontally; the beam gradually moves downward. 2. Soon, but not immediately, after the application of the vertical blanking, the vertical scanning generator receives a sync pulse. This causes a vertical retrace to retrace. 3.Vertical retrace continues until the beam reaches the top of the picture and so on.

Interlaced Scanning
Interlacing Procedure: 1. All the odd lines are scanned from top to bottom, and the even lines are skipped. 2. A rapid vertical retrace causes the electron scanning beam to return to the top of the frame. 3. All the even lines that were skipped in the first scanning are scanned from top to bottom.

A sample scanning pattern for 21 lines/frame and 10 1/2 lines/field:

Interlaced Scanning

Past Board Exam Question

How many visible horizontal lines are left due to vertical retrace interval? A. 525 lines B. 485 lines C. 40 lines D. 500 lines

Past Board Exam Question

How many visible horizontal lines are left due to vertical retrace interval? A. 525 lines B. 485 lines C. 40 lines D. 500 lines

SYNCHRONIZATION
When the TV camera starts scanning line 1, the receiver must also start projecting line 1 on the CRT output display. Vertical and horizontal tracing and retracing at the camera and CRT must be done at exactly the same time in order to avoid distortion in the receiver output. Horizontal Blanking and Sync Pulses

Loss of H sync causes picture to break into diagonal bars.

Details of Horizontal Blanking

Period
Total line (H)

Time, sec
63.5

H blanking
H sync pulse

0.15H-0.18H,or 9.5-11.5
0.08H,or 4.75 + 0.5

Front porch
Back porch

0.02H,or1.27 (minimum)
0.06H, 3.81 (minimum)

Visible line time

52-54

Past Board Exam Question

For a TV system, the horizontal flyback is 10 percent, this time equals _______. A. 1.67 ms B. 6.4 s C. 0.167 ms D. 0.64 s

Past Board Exam Question

For a TV system, the horizontal flyback is 10 percent, this time equals _______. A. 1.67 ms B. 6.4 s C. 0.167 ms D. 0.64 s

Vertical Blanking and Sync Pulses

Details of Vertical Blanking

Period
Total field (V) V blanking Each V sync pulse Total of six V sync pulse Each equalizing pulse Each serration

Time
1/60 s 0.0167 s 0.05V-0.08V, or 0.0008-0.0013s 27.35 s 3H = 190.5 s 0.04H = 2.54 s 0.07H = 4.4 s

Visible field time

0.92V-0.95V, or 0.015-0.016 s

PICTURE INFORMATION ENCODING

The R, G, and B video voltages provide the picture information and these primary signals are encoded to form separate chrominance and luminance signals. Addition of Colors

Picture Qualities
Assuming it is synchronized to stay still, the reproduced picture also should have high brightness, strong contrast, sharp detail, and the correct proportions of height and width.

Brightness
is the average, or overall, illumination. On the picture tube screen, brightness depends on high voltage and DC grid bias for the picture tube.

Contrast
is the difference in intensity between black parts and white parts of the picture. The peak-to-peak AC video signal amplitude determines contrast.

Picture Qualities
Detail
also known as resolution or definition. a measure of how many picture elements can be reproduced. With many fine details, the picture looks sharp and clear.

Color Level or Chroma Level

also known as saturation. is the amount of color in the picture or color intensity.

Hue
is the tint of the color. The hue depends on the phase angle of the chrominance signal.

Picture Qualities
Aspect Ratio
the width-to-height ratio of the picture frame.
Quality Picture Signal

Contrast
Brightness Resolution Color Saturation Hue

Range between black & white Background illumination Sharpness or details Intensity or Level of color Tint of color

Amplitude of AC video signal DC bias on picture tube Frequency response of video signal Amplitude of 3.58MHz chroma signal Phase angle of 3.58MHz chroma signal

Past Board Exam Question

In Television broadcasting vivid strong colors are often referred as ______. A. saturation B. hue C. chrominance D. luminance

Past Board Exam Question

In Television broadcasting vivid strong colors are often referred as ______. A. saturation B. hue C. chrominance D. luminance

PICTURE INFORMATION ENCODING

Luminance or Y signal
A combination of R, G, and B that contains the brightness variations, corresponding to a monochrome video signal. It is formed by taking 30% of the R video, 59% of the G video, and 11% of the B video.

I signal
It is formed by taking 60% of the R video, -28% of the G video and -32% of the B video. (Note: The minus sign indicates the addition of video voltage of negative polarity.) Its positive polarity is orange, and the negative polarity is cyan. These colors are chosen as best for the I signal in showing details of color.

PICTURE INFORMATION ENCODING

Q signal
It is formed by taking 21% of the R video, -52% of the G video, and 31% of the B video. Its positive polarity is purple; the negative polarity is yellow green.

Video Signals from the Camera

R G B

M A T R I X

Y = 0.30R + 0.59G + 0.11B I = 0.60R - 0.28G - 0.32B Q = 0.21R - 0.52G + 0.31B

Chrominance Modulation
The I and Q signals are transmitted as the modulation sidebands of a 3.58 MHz subcarrier signal, which in turn modulates the main picture carrier wave.

Q
90 color sync
3.58MHz Color oscillator

Q Modulator

3.58MHz Carrier signal

I Y C

I Modulator

RC

Y + C + color sync
Adder or color multiplexer Transmitter

color sync

Colorplexed Composite Video Signal

PICTURE INFORMATION DECODING

Y and C signals are separated from a colorplexed video then using synchronous demodulators for 3.58 MHz to provide B Y and R Y video, which are combined for G Y video.
colorplexed video
Monochrome Receiver Circuit

Y Video Amplifier 03.2MHz

Y signal

Chrominance BPA 3.58 MHz

C signal

C
90
color sync 3.58MHz Color oscillator

Demodulator Amplifier Demodulator

R-Y

R-Y
video

G-Y

G-Y
video

B-Y

B-Y
video

C
R Y = +0.62 Q + 0.95 I

G Y = -0.64 Q 0.21 I

B Y = +1.73 Q 1.11 I

Y signal

R-Y

red
Matrix Adder

G-Y B-Y

green blue

TELEVISION TRANSMISSION
A TV transmission where the modulating signal is applied in the polarity that reduces the RF carrier amplitude for peak white in the video signal.

Relative amplitude for the AM RF picture signal: Tip of sync = 100% Blanking level = 75% Black setup = 67.5% Maximum white = 10 to 15% or 12.5% (typical)

TELEVISION TRANSMISSION
A TV transmission where the modulating signal is applied in the polarity that reduces the RF carrier amplitude for peak white in the video signal. The carrier signal does not go below 10% because there is distortion when the amplitude becomes zero.

TELEVISION TRANSMISSION
A TV transmission where the modulating signal is applied in the polarity that reduces the RF carrier amplitude for peak white in the video signal.
The carrier signal does not go below 10% because there is distortion when the amplitude becomes zero.

Also known as negative-polarity modulation.

The advantages are:

1. Noise pulses in the transmitted RF signal increase the carrier amplitude toward black, instead of white, thus, the noise streaks in the picture becomes less obvious. 2. It uses less power since pictures are mostly white, thus the carrier amplitude is low most of the time when the picture information is transmitted. 3. The tip of sync is the reference of the carrier strength that can easily provide DC voltage that is proportional to the amount of the RF carrier signal. This DC voltage is used for bias in the automatic gain control (AGC) system of the receiver.

Vestigial Sideband Transmission

The AM picture signal is not transmitted as a normal double sideband signal, only a part of the lower sideband is filtered out before transmission and vestige of sideband remains.
The purpose is to reduce the frequency band needed for the video modulation in the picture signal while keeping the low video frequency signal that contain the most important luminance information for large areas in the picture.

FM Sound Signal
Frequency Modulation is used for the associated sound signal in order to gain the advantages for less noise and interference. This is practically the same with FM broadcast radio except that the maximum frequency swing is + 25 kHz, instead of 75 kHz. The audio modulating frequency range is from 50 Hz to 15 kHz.

TELEVISION SYSTEMS
NTSC (National Television System Committee) It was formed by the Electronic Industries Association (EIA) to prepare the standards for monochrome TV in the United States in 1941 and later the color TV standard in 1954. PAL (Phase Alteration by Line) Similar to the NTSC system, but for each successive line one component of the chrominance signal is reversed in polarity so that any error in the hue phase can be averaged. SECAM (Sequential Chrominance and Memory) It is a French system with a sequential technique and memory storage. In this method, two chrominance signals are transmitted one at a time for successive lines.

FCC (Federal Communications Commission)

Specifies the rules governing radio broadcast services and television broadcast stations in the United States whose rules were adopted in the Philippines. Television Broadcast Channels Each TV station is assigned 6 MHz wide channel with a specific carrier frequency.

Specific Frequencies for Channel 3 (60 to 66 MHz)

Specific Frequencies for Channel 3 (60 to 66 MHz)

P = 61.25

Specific Frequencies for Channel 3 (60 to 66 MHz)

P = 61.25 4.5 MHz
S = 65.75

Specific Frequencies for Channel 3 (60 to 66 MHz)

P = 61.25 4.5 MHz
3.58 MHz S = 65.75 C = 64.83

Television Channel Frequency Assignment Channel Number

1 2 3 4 5 6

Frequency Band (MHz)

Not used 54 - 60 60 - 66 66 - 72 76 - 82 82 - 88
88 108

Description

Low Band VHF Channels

FM Band

7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 83

174 180 186 192 198 204 210

180 186 192 198 204 210 216

High Band VHF Channels

470 890

UHF Channels

Past Board Exam Question

Which band does channel 14 of the television Channel belong?
A. high VHF band B. EHF band C. UHF band D. low VHF band

Past Board Exam Question

Which band does channel 14 of the television Channel belong?
A. high VHF band B. EHF band C. UHF band D. low VHF band

Past Board Exam Question

Using NTSC standard, (Philippine TV Standard), in what frequency is the color sub-carrier found when tuned to channel 7? A. 178.83 B. 182.13 C. 184.83 D. 175.13

Past Board Exam Question

Using NTSC standard, (Philippine TV Standard), in what frequency is the color sub-carrier found when tuned to channel 7? A. 178.83 B. 182.13 C. 184.83 D. 175.13

TELEVISION BROADCASTING
Broadcast means to send out in all directions. The transmission of sound and images over a broad area.

TV Transmitter

It operates on encoded visual and aural transmission where both AM picture signal and FM sound signal are emitted from a common radiating antenna. The typical service area of about 74 miles (121 km) in all directions.

TV Transmitter
antenna

Video Amplifier

Picture Signal Transmitter

Scanning And Sync

Audio Amplifier
microphone

Sound Signal Transmitter

TV Receiver

It intercepts both the modulated audio and video, amplifies them for easy detection, demodulation and decoding and recovers the audio and video information.
antenna

Video signal for the Picture Picture and Sound Circuits

Scanning And Sync

Sound Signal
loudspeaker

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

1. In all standard television broadcast channels, the difference between the picture and sound carrier frequencies is A. 0.25 MHz B. 1.25 MHz C. 4.50 MHz D. 6.00 MHz

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

2. The number of lines scanned per frame in the raster on the picture tube screen is
A. 525 B. 262.5 C. 20 D. 10

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

3. The difference between the sound carrier frequencies in two adjacent channels is
A. 0.25 MHz B. 1.25 MHz C. 4.50 MHz D. 6.00 MHz

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

4. Brightness variations of the picture information are in which signal

A. I B. Q C. Y D. R - Y

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

5. What is the range of Baseband Frequencies in audio systems? A. 0 4 MHz B. 20 20 kHz C. 30 300 kHz D. 3 30 kHz

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

6. A _____ represents one set of 262.5 scanning lines. A. field B. frame C. cycle D. interface set

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

7. Picture frames are repeated at the rate of _____ per second. A. 25 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

8. Vestigial sideband is known as _____ type of emission. A. CF3 B. C3F C. B8E D. 83E

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

9. The field rate in the NTSC television system. A. 30 Hz B. 120 Hz C. 60 Hz D. 15.75 Hz

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

10. For NTSC TV system, the image is scanned from A. top to bottom B. left to right C. right to left D. choices A and B

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

11. What are the three separate signals derived from a matrix in a color TV transmitter? A. Y, I and Q B. T, D and Q C. M, N and O D. R, S and T

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

12. Range of UHF television transmitter

A. 470 670 MHz B. 470 770 MHz C. 470 890 MHz D. 470 980 MHz

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

13. What is the chroma subcarrier signal frequency for color television? A. 3.8 MHz B. 6.8 MHz C. 7.8 MHz D. 8.8 MHz

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

14. Under FCC standards, the black level is reached at A. B. C. D. 75% of maximum amplitude 85% of maximum amplitude 95 % of maximum amplitude 100% of maximum amplitude

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

15. A material that glows when struck by the energetic electrons in a CRT.
A. aquadag B. Silicon C. Germanium D. Phosphor

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

16. The modulation used for the chroma signal in a standard NTSC color TV receiver.

A. SSB B. vestigial sideband AM C. suppressed-carrier AM D. FM

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

17. In a TV signal (Negative Polarity), percentage modulation for white level is _____ that of synchronizing pulse level.

A. equal to B. greater than C. less than D. none of the above

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

18. What signal is sent by the TV transmitter to ensure correct scanning at the receiver? A. sync B. chroma C. luminance D. video

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

19. Which subcarrier leads by 90 in TV system? A. I B. Q C. Y D. R

TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE

20. In TV receiver, what is the horizontal sync frequency? A. 60 Hz B. 15,750 Hz C. 525 Hz D. 30 Hz

EXCHANGE PAPERS

answers
1. In all standard television broadcast channels, the difference between the picture and sound carrier frequencies is A. 0.25 MHz B. 1.25 MHz C. 4.50 MHz D. 6.00 MHz

answers
2. The number of lines scanned per frame in the raster on the picture tube screen is A. 525 B. 262.5 C. 20 D. 10

answers
3. The difference between the sound carrier frequencies in two adjacent channels is

A. 0.25 MHz B. 1.25 MHz C. 4.50 MHz D. 6.00 MHz

answers
4. Brightness variations of the picture information are in which signal A. I B. Q C. Y D. R - Y

answers
5. What is the range of Baseband Frequencies in audio systems? A. 0 4 MHz B. 20 20 kHz C. 30 300 kHz D. 3 30 kHz

answers
6. A _____ represents one set of 262.5 scanning lines. A. field B. frame C. cycle D. interface set

answers
7. Picture frames are repeated at the rate of _____ per second. A. 25 B. 30 C. 40 D. 50

answers
8. Vestigial sideband is known as _____ type of emission. A. CF3 B. C3F C. B8E D. 83E

answers
9. The field rate in the NTSC television system. A. 30 Hz B. 120 Hz C. 60 Hz D. 15.75 Hz

answers
10. For NTSC TV system, the image is scanned from

A. top to bottom B. left to right C. right to left D. choices A and B

answers
11. What are the three separate signals derived from a matrix in a color TV transmitter? A. Y, I and Q B. T, D and Q C. M, N and O D. R, S and T

answers
12. Range of UHF television transmitter.

A. 470 670 MHz B. 470 770 MHz C. 470 890 MHz D. 470 980 MHz

answers
13. What is the chroma subcarrier signal frequency for color television?

A. 3.58 MHz B. 6.58 MHz C. 7.58 MHz D. 8.58 MHz

answers
14. Under FCC standards, the black level is reached at A. 75% of maximum amplitude B. 85% of maximum amplitude C. 95 % of maximum amplitude D. 100% of maximum amplitude

answers
15. A material that glows when struck by the energetic electrons in a CRT.

A. aquadag B. Silicon C. Germanium D. Phosphor

answers
16. The modulation used for the chroma signal in a standard NTSC color TV receiver. A. SSB B. vestigial sideband AM C. suppressed-carrier AM D. FM

answers
17. In a TV signal (Negative Polarity), percentage modulation for white level is _____ that of synchronizing pulse level. A. equal to B. greater than C. less than D. none of the above

answers
18. What signal is sent by the TV transmitter to ensure correct scanning at the receiver? A. sync B. chroma C. luminance D. video

answers
19. Which subcarrier leads by 90 in TV system?
A. I B. Q C. Y D. R

answers
20. In TV receiver, what is the horizontal sync frequency?

A. 60 Hz B. 15,750 Hz C. 525 Hz D. 30 Hz

GOOD LUCK

THANK YOU