Simple Stress and Strain

Contents
General Explanation of stress and strain Expressions for stress and Strain Relation Between stress and Strain Hooks Law Fatigue Endurance Limit Working Stress Extension of the simple bar and Compound bars Temperature Stresses

 Stress can be explained by when the load applied on the members it will develops resistance within it is called stress. When load applied members will get deformed which is strain. Which may be linear or the lateral deformation in case bars or rods.

 Stress is given by P= Change in length Strain is given by linear strain= original length Change in lateral direction Lateral strain = Original lateral dimention Relation between stress and strain can be given by stress-strain curve for steel ,aluminum and the brittle materials. Tensile test is carried in tensile testing machine.

dR dA

Explanation of the of curve Point A:Upto point A stress is proportional strain. Hence this point is known as proportionality limit. Elastic limit: From point A to B is called elasticity limit. When the lode is removed member will regains its orginalshape. Point B:It is the upper yield point here the stress is at load starts reducing extension increases

 Point c:Lower yield point here stress remains same strain will increases some extent. Point D: Ultimate stress at which material can able to withstand. From here necking will starts. Point E:It is breaking point at which member will going to fail.

Compression The members in compression fallows the same path as in the case of tensile testing up to or slightly beyond the yield points. There is no necking takes place in the compression. The ultimate compressive stress is more than ultimate tensile stress for brittle material crack or flaws present in the material will not effect the strength in compression.

Nominal Stress and True Stress The stress value starts reducing at time necking. Because considering original cross sectional area the stress value starts reducing. The actual cross sectional area should be considered to get the true stress. Load Nominal stress= Original cross sectional Area Load True Stress= Actual cross sectional Area

Behavior of Material Under repeated Loading Many structural and Mechanical components is under reversal or repeated loadings one of the best example is bridge deck is the best example subjected to fluctuation of stresses. This type varying stress when applied repeatedly affects the strength of member this effect is called Fatigue.

Endurance limit
Even a billion number reversal stress cannot cause the failure of the material is called endurance limit. Factor of safety: Reliability of material may not be 100%.There may be small flaws or the cracks. Resulting deformation may obstruct the functional performance of the component. Designer takes only estimated loads. In actual situation there may be unexpected impacts and temperature loadings. Certain ideal conditions assumed in analysis. Therefore calculated stresses will not be 100% real stress.

Working stress
Working stress is the maximum stress to which any member is designed which is much more smaller than ultimate stress. Ultimate stress FOS = Working Stress Hooks Law Stress is proportional strain up to elastic limit pe p=E x e Where p is stress ,N/mm2 E is youngs modulus e is strain

Extension and Shortening of Bar From Hooks Law stress is proportional strain within elastic limit. P e P p= A e= L p=Exe PL Therefore extension is given by =AE