Small indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball

John Dalton

Membayangkan bahawa atom ialah bola yg tidak boleh dibahagikan sama seperti bola yg sgt halus (Imagined the atom as a small indivisible ball similar to a very tiny ball)

Atom is positive charged sphere/cloud with electron embedded in it.

J.J Thomson

-Menjumpai elektron (He discovers the electron.) -Mencadangkan atom sebagai sfera bercas positif dan juga mengandungi cas negatif di dlmnya yg dipanggil elektron (He described the atom as a sphere/cloud of positive charge which contains a few negatively-charged particles called electrons.)

Protons are concentrated in the centre of the atom called the nucleus, with a cloud of electrons surrounding the nucleus.

Ernest Rutherford - Menjumpai proton iaitu cas positif dlm atom (He discovered the proton. ) - Mencadangkan jisim atom tertumpu dlm nukleus bercas positif dan elektron bergerak dlm ruang di luar nukleus (He suggested that positive charge and mass of atom are concentrated in the centre of the atom called the nucleus, and electron move outside the nucleus.

The electrons are moved in shells surrounding the nucleus.

Niels Bohr

- Mencadangkan elektron-elektron bergerak mengelilingi nukleus dlm petala/orbit (He proposed that the electrons in an atom move in shells around the nucleus)

James Chadwick
Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, with the nucleus surrounded by electron shells.

-menemui neutron iaitu neutral zarah wujud dlm nukleus (He discovered the neutron, neutral particle in the nucleus). -Mencadangkan nukleus mengandungi proton dan neutron (He suggested that nucleus consists of protons and neutrons, with the nucleus surrounded by electron shells.)

Atom terdiri drpd tiga jenis zarah subatom iaitu : (Atoms made up of three types of subatomic particles) a) proton b) neutron c) elektron (electron) Proton & neutron dijumpai dlm nukleus (Protons & neutrons found in the nucleus of atom).

Elektron bergerak mengelilingi nukleus (Electrons move around the nucleus)

Subatomic particle (zarah subatom) Proton Electron Neutron

Symbol Relative mass (jisim relatif) p e n 1 1/1840 1

Charge (cas)

Location

+1 -1 0

In the nucleus In orbits around the nucleus In the nucleus

Nukleus adalah bercas positif kerana proton adalah positif & neutron adalah neutral Atom adalah neutral apabila bil. proton dan elektron adalah sama.

Nombor proton (Protons Number) and Nombor nukleon (Nucleon Number) Nombor proton(proton number) adalah: - bil. proton dlm nukleus atom (the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom). - Juga dikenali sebagai nombor atom(also known as the atomic number) - Apabila atom adalah neutral, maka nombor proton adalah ditunjukkan oleh bil. elektron.

 Nombor nukleon (nucleon number) - ialah jumlah bil. proton & neutron di dlm atom sesuatu unsur (total number of protons & neutrons) - juga dikenali sebagai nombor jisim (also known as mass number)
Nombor nukleon= bil. proton + bil. neutron

-Setiap unsur kimia mempunyai nama & simbol masing-masing. -setiap simbol unsur mengandungi satu @ dua huruf (each symbol consists of one @ two letters). -Dlm simbol, : huruf pertama ditulis huruf besar(1st letter is written in capital letter) huruf kedua ditulis huruf kecil (2nd is written in small letter) simbol ditulis seperti berikut:
nombor nukleon nombor proton contoh: nombor nukleon nombor proton

A Z 24 12

simbol unsur

Mg

simbol unsur Magnesium

Bil. proton= 12 Bil. elektron= 12 Bil. neutron= nombor nukleon nombor proton = 24-12 = 12

Proton number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Element

symbol

Proton number 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

element

symbol

Hydrogen H Helium Lithium Beryllium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Flourine Neon He Li Be B C N O F Ne

Sodium Magnesium Aluminium Silicon Phosphorus

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca

Chlorine Argon Potassium Calcium

HW: pg. 19 WTO 2.4 no. 1,2 pg. 20 QRB no. 1-3

1. Define proton number & nucleon number.

Proton number is the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. Nucleon number is the total no. of protons & neutrons in the nucleus of atom.

2. complete the table below:

Atom No. of protons No. of electrons No. of neutrons Proton number Nucleon number

P Q R S T

6 7 7 9

6 6 7 7 9 7 10 10

6 7 10 10 8
11

6
7 9 9 7 7

12

12

14 14 19 15 15 21

7 7 10

11

10 10

3. Who proposed this model?

electron

nucleus contains proton & neutron

a) b) c) d)

Neils Bohr J.J. Thomson James Chadwick Ernest Rutherford

14 7

4. Figure above shows the symbol of nitrogen atom. Determine: a) Proton number 7 b) Nucleon number 14 c) Number of protons 7 d) Number of electrons 7 e) Number of neutrons 7

Isotop dan kepentingannya (Isotopes and Their Importance)

What is isotope?

Isotop adalah atom-atom unsur yg sama yg mempunyai bil. proton yg sama tetapi bil. neutron yg berbeza ( the atoms of same element which contain a same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons.) Isotop juga mempunyai nombor proton yg sama tetapi nombor nukleon yg berbeza.

Isotopes of some element

Element Hydrogen
1 proton 0 neutron

Isotopes

1 1H
12 6C
16 8O

1 proton 1 neutron

2 1

1 proton 2 neutrons

3 1

Carbon
6 protons 6 neutrons

6 protons 7 neutrons

13 6

6 protons 8 neutrons

14 6C

Oxygen
8 protons 8 neutrons

8 protons 9 neutrons

17 8O
34 16

8 protons 10 neutrons -

18 8O

16 protons 16 neutrons

32 16 S

16 protons 18 neutrons

Bromine
35 protons 44neutrons

79 35 Br

35 protons 46 neutrons

81 35

Br

Bidang (Field) Perubatan (Medical)

Isotope applications sinaran gamma drpd kobalt-60 digunakan utk rawat kanser (gamma rays of cobalt-60 used to kill cancer) Iodin-131 digunakan utk rawat pesakit tiroid (iodine-131 used to treat thyroid patient). Karbon-14 utk kaji umur bahan-bahan purba/fosil ( carbon-14 used to study age of ancient artifacts)

Arkeologi (Archeology)

Pertanian (Agricultural)
Perindustrian (Industrial)

fosforus-32 utk mengkaji serapan baja oleh tumbuhan carbon-14 is used to study passage of carbon in photosynthesis.
Natrium-24 utk mengesan kebocoran paip bawah tanah (sodium-24 used to detect leakage of underground pipe)

HW: pg. 21 WTO 2.5 pg. 21 QRC no. 1-4

Element

Isotope

Proton number 1

Nucleon number 1

Number of protons 1

Number of neutrons 0

Hydrogen Hydrogen-1

1 1 2

H
1 2 1 1

Hydrogen-2

1 3

H
1 3 1 2

Hydrogen-3 Bromine

H
35 80 35 45

80

Bromine-80 Br
35

81

35

81

35

46

Bromine-81 Br
35

Element

Isotope

Proton number
6

Nucleon number
12

Number of protons
6

Number of neutrons
6

Carbon Carbon-12

12 6

C
6 13 6 7

13

Carbon-13

C
6 14 6 8

14

Carbon-14

Atoms made up of : nucleus that contain protons & neutrons electrons that move in shells around nucleus

Shells of an atom is numbered starting from shells that closest to nucleus. Shells closest to nucleus numbered with one. Next shells is numbered with two & so on.. Each shells can only consists of a certain number of electrons. The ways electrons distributed @ arranged in shells of an atom is called electron arrangement @ electron configuration. Nucleus First shell

Second shell Third shell

8

Max no. of e for elements with proton number 1-20

1. Fill electrons to the shells that closet to nucleus first which is 1st shell with max number of electrons that 1st shells can hold.

2. The next shells is filled up (diisi) if there are remaining of electrons.

Eg: Calcium, Ca has 20 electrons (20 protons) electron arrangement of calcium is 2.8.8.2

Ca

Ca

Valence electrons:
are

electrons in the outermost shell of an atom

eg: electron arrangement of calcium is 2.8.8.2

Thus, it has two valence electrons.

element with same number of valence electrons have same chemical properties.

1. What mean by isotope? Atom of same element with same proton number but different nucleon numbers. @ atom of an element with different number of neutrons
32
15

2.

P and

31
15

P are two isotopes of phosphorus. State the number of subatomic

particles for each isotopes. Isotope Proton number Nucleon number Number of protons Number of neutrons

15
32 15 31 15

32

15

17

P 15 P 31 15 16

3. Write the electron arrangement for the atoms below. a)

35 17 19 9

Cl

b)

4. a) b) c)

Determine the number of valence electrons for elements with this proton number: 7 9 16