Outline

Introduction
Why CNG and LPG????? CNG fuel properties

CNG vehicle development

LPG fuel properties LPG vehicle development Advantages and Disadvantages Future Scope

Introduction
"It's not that easy being green.

Introduction
Designing,

developing and marketing "green" cars has not been an easy task. Fossil fuels still account for almost 75 percent of the world's energy consumption. Soaring prices of petrol Increase in harmful emissions and environmental problems. Need for a low cost and clean solution.

Why CNG and LPG???

Availability Environmental compatibility. CNG

and LPG can be conventional diesel and engines.

used in gasoline

CNG and LPG are cheaper than gasoline

or diesel.

Natural gas
Natural gas is produced from gas

wells or mainly obtained with crude oil production.

Comes from the decay of ancient

organisms, but it naturally takes a gaseous form.

It is often dissolved in crude oil at

the high pressures existing in a reservoir.

Compressed Natural gas (CNG)

CNG requires a larger volume to store the

same mass of natural gas and the use of very high pressure on about 200 bar.
Compressed natural gas is non-toxic and will

not contaminate groundwater if spilled.

Compressed natural gas is a largely available

form of fossil energy and therefore nonrenewable.

Natural gas consists primarily of methane

and other hydrocarbon gases

CNG: Composition
Natural gas (NG) is made up

primarily of methane (CH4) but frequently contains trace amounts of ethane, propane, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulphide, and water vapour.

CNG: Fuel Characteristics

Properties Ignition Limits Stoichometric Ratio Auto-Ignition Temperature (F) Lower calorific value(kJ/kg) Octane rating Peak Flame Temperature (F) CNG 24-6.7 17.2 : 1 842 45800 130 3423 Gasoline 21-7 14.7 : 1 572 42100 85-95 3591 Diesel 100-20 14.5 : 1 446 43100 30 3729

CNG: Engine Development

The First Natural Gas Vehicle 1860

The first internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicle to run on natural gas was created by Etienne Lenoir in 1860!

CNG: Engine Working

CNG: Engine working

Storage cylinders:
Gas is compressed to 25 Mpa before

being pumped into high-pressure, tubeshaped cylinders that are attached to the rear, top or undercarriage of the vehicle.
More lightweight cylinders have been

developed
Integrated Storage Systems (ISSs):

-fibreglass shell -impact-absorbing foam

CNG: Engine working

Main shut off valve:
When engine needs fuel, CNG leaves storage cylinder and leaves and passes through master manual shut off valve.

CNG: Engine working

Pressure regulator:
Three-stage

pressure reduction from about 20 Mpa to slightly above atmospheric pressure.

CNG: Engine working

Solenoid valve:

Solenoid valve lets the gas from the regulator into the fuel injectors. This same solenoid valve shuts off the natural gas when engine is stopped

CNG: Engine working

FUEL METERING
CNG then flows through

venturi carburettor or fuel injection system to the combustion chambers.

CNG: Performance characteristics

LPG
Third most popular fuel after Petrol and Diesel.
Used in many countries like Turkey, South Korea, Japan,

Australia, Italy and many more in public and private transport Sector.

LPG: Fuel Characteristics

Fuel Injection System

ComponentsLPG storage Tank.

Vacuum Fuelock

Filter.
Pressure Regulator. Carburetor.

LPG Storage Tank

Storage Pressure- 7.5-10

bar.
Pressure vessel designed

to hold pressure of 45 bar.

Separate

Filler

and

Extraction Valve.

Vacuum Fuelock Filters

FunctionsIt prevents dirty fuel from

reaching the Carburetor.

It shuts off the fuel flow

automatically, regardless of the ignition being on or off.

Pressure Regulator/Vaporisor
Functions Reduce fuel pressure in two

stages. Convert the fuel from a liquid to a vapor Meter the fuel output in relation to a negative pressure signal (vacuum) from the carburetors.

Functions-

Carburetors

The air valve carburetors consist of a

mixer, throttle body and an optional

air horn.
The

air

horn

enables

the

connection of an air hose or air filter assembly.

The

throttle

valve

controls

delivery of the air-fuel mixture

into the engine intake manifold

based on the operators

command(foot pedal).

LPG Engine Performance

In the case of using LPG in SI engines, the burning rate of fuel is

increased, and thus, the combustion duration is decreased.

As a consequence of this, the cylinder pressures and

temperatures predicted for LPG are higher than those obtained

for gasoline.
Thus ,Volumetric Efficiency Hence, Power output and Efficiency

Consequently SFC

LPG Engine Performance

The volumetric efficiency is

thus improved by employing heat removal system from the heated intake air.
This results in increase in

power output by almost 8%

as compared with same size of gasoline engine.

CNG Engines: Applications

In traditional gasoline internal combustion engine cars that have been

converted into bi-fuel vehicles (gasoline/CNG).

CNG is starting to be used also in pickup trucks, transit and school buses,

and trains.
CNG can be used in Otto-cycle (gasoline) and modified Diesel cycle

engines.
One successful trip with CNG in dual fuel mode was conducted on 23.4.05

by INDIAN RAILWAYS.

Advantages
High possible power output High octane number Higher compression ratio

Advantages
No possibility of fouling of spark plug
Lower maintenance costs High auto ignition temperature:

Safe
No spill and evaporation losses: Increased life of lubricating oils

Easy mixing with air for combustion

Advantages
Low pollution content as compared to petrol : An engine

running on petrol for 100kms emits 22,000 grams of CO2, while covering the same distance on CNG emits only 16,275 grams of CO2.

Disadvantages
Greater storage space . More number of equipment for gas supply. Cost of conversion is still the biggest setback. Savings in fuel and

maintenance costs, however, can offset the initial cost. Refuelling.

LPG: Advantages
Power, acceleration, payload and cruise speed Refueling

High octane rating

LPG Engine Emissions

Use of LPG reduces the content of pollutants like CO, NOx , and HC

in the Exhaust.
HC+NOx Emissions g/kw/h
14 12 10
350 300 250
Gasoline LPG

CO Emissions g/kw/h

8
6 4 2 0 5hp 6hp 13hp 18hp

200 150 100 50 0 5hp 6hp 13hp 18hp

Gasoline LPG

LPG: Disadvantages
In cold conditions Starting could be a problem. One gallon of LPG contains less energy than a gallon of

gasoline.
LPG is generally higher priced.

Refueling stations.

Future Scope
More petrol and diesel vehicles will be converted to NGVs(Natural gas vehicles).

100% conversion of heavy duty vehicles will take place within a decade.
Smaller fuel tanks will come up. Use of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) for storing will be used by maintaining cryogenic conditions in the tank. Better CNG and LPG dedicated engine designs. Low

emissions pollution norms.

meeting

the

strict

Cleaner environment!!!!