Animalia Kingdom

By: Miguel Ángel Blanco

Andrés Lacayo
Ovidio Valerio
Alex Yeung

Teacher Gabriela Hernández

2008
 General features of animals
• Heterotrophy
• Mobility
• Multicellularity
• Diploidy
• Sexual reproduction
• Tissues and organs
• Body symmetry
• Blastula formation
 Blastulas
A Blastula is a hollow ball of cells,
Which will develop into 3 distinct layers of
cell:
Ectoderm gives origin to outer layer of skin,nervous system,
sense organs.

Endoderm gives origin to digestive tract,respiratory

system,glands,liver.

Mesoderm gives origin to Most of skeleton,muscles, circulatory

system, reproductive organs.
Body Symmetry
 Body
segmentation:
Coelom: fluid
body composed of
filled space
repeating similar
found between
units
mesoderm and
endoderm
 Tissues and organs
• Digestion
• Respiration
• Circulation: open or closed
• Conduction of nerve impulses
- nerve net
- ganglia : clusters of neurons
- brainlike structure
• Support
-hydrostatic skeleton : water contained under pressure in a closed cavity
-exoskeleton : rigid external skeleton that encases and protects body
-endoskeleton : bones embedded within an animal
• Excretion
-aquatic invertebrates and fish excrete ammonia through skin or gills
- terrestrial animals excrete solid wastes
 Reproductive strategies
• Asexual reproduction
-fragmentation
-budding
-binary fission
-Parthenogenesis : female mates once and stores sperm
• Sexual reproduction
-Hermaphrodites : can auto fertilize
-External fertilization : fertilization outside the body
-Internal fertilization : fertilization occurs inside the
female`s body
 Sponges
Early naturalists
classified as
plants,then late 1700s
they were classified
as animals because
of “cell recognition”.

Spicules: neddles

Spongin: flexible
protein fiber
 Reproduction in sponges
• Asexually
Regeneration
• Sexually
Collar cells on the recieving sponge`s interior pass the
sperm into the mesohyl,where fertilization occurs, where
it will develop into a larvae and leave the sponge ,where
it will stick to something and develop
Cnidarians
 Roundworms
• Members of the phylum Nematoda,
• characterized by a pseudocoelum which serves as a
simple circulatory system and gas exchange system.
• They cause economic damage to crops.
• 14 species damage humans like Ascaris lumbricoides,
Trichinella spiralis often called hookworms.Some that
bore through the blood vessels in the intestine and enter
the bloodstream,which carries them to lungs, causing
respiratory distress, or could wander into the pancreas ,
or gallbladder causing blockage , where they mature and
mate
 Mollusks
Main characteristics:
• Bilateral symmetry
• 3 part body plan: viceral mass , mollusk’s organs
mantle , outer layer of body
foot ,locomotion
• Organ systems
• Shell
• radula
 Annelids
Main characteristics:
• Recognized by their segments ,each contain organs
• Primitive brain
• Internal body walls called septa separate fragments
• wide variety of diets like active and passive hunters,
scavengers, filter feeders, and blood-suckers.
• Annelids can also grow up to six inches.
• Have an organ system which include nephridia,which is
a gut that has different regions that perform digestion
• They have setae or parapodia for movement
 Arthropods
• Have Appendage. Unlike annelids, arthropods
appendages have joints that bend.
• The phylum of arthropods Anthropoda which means
“joined feet”
• Arthropods share distant common ancestors with the
annelids w
• The first terrestrial arthropods were scorpions
• There may be 5,000,000 or more species of arthropods
• Living arthropods are classified in two groups :
– Arthropods with jaws
– Arthropods with fangs or pincers
 Characteristics of Arthropods
• Segmentation: larva’s have many segments , but adults usually divide in 3 :
– Head
– Thorax
– Abdomen
• Compound eyes: an eye composed of multiple individual visual units, each
with its own lens and retina
• Exoskeleton composed primarily of chitin
• Molting: a process in which the arthropods produce a new exoskeleton and
leaves the old behind
• Respiration: most arthropods respire through a trachea.
• Excretion: Terrestrial arthropods have unique excretory systems composed
by malpighian tubules
 Arachnids
• The Arachnids form the largest class in
subphylum Chelicerata
• The members of the subphylum
Chelicerata have mouthparts called
chelicerae that are modified into pincers or
fangs
• The arachnid body is made up of a
cephalothorax and an abdomen
 Spiders
• Six pair of appendages: first one are
chelicerae, second one are pedipalps, and
the rest four pairs are called walking legs.

• Most spiders can secrete sticky strands of

silk from appendages called spinnerets
located at the end of the abdomen
 Scorpions
• Have long, slender, segmented
abdomens that end in a venomous
stinger used to stun their prey

• The pedipalps of scorpions are large,

grasping pincers
 Mites
• Are by far the largest group of arachnids
• Their head, thorax and abdomen are fused into
a single, unsegmented body
• Are quite small
• Many aquatic mites are herbivores, while
terrestrial mites are usually predators
• Most mites are not harmful
 Insects and their Relatives
• Subphylum Uniramnia, an enormous group of mostly
terrestrial arthropods that have chewing mouth parts
called mandibles (jaws)
• Uniramians consist of three classes:
– Insecta (insects)
– Diplopoda (millipedes)
– Chilopoda (centipedes)
• The insects are the largest group of organisms on earth
• Insects Body:
• Head
• Thorax
• Abdomen
Insects Life Cycle
 Crustaceans
• Includes crabs, lobsters crayfish, shrimps, barnacles,
water fleas, and pill bugs
• Many crustaceans have a distinctive larva form called
hauplius
• Only a few crustaceans group have successfully invaded
terrestrial habitats ( Pill bugs and saw bugs)
• Crustaceans are a major food source for humans and
some animals
• The head and thorax of decapods are fused into a single
cephalothorax
• Barnacles are hermaphrodites
 Echinoderms
• Echinoderms are spiny invertebrates that live on the
ocean bottom
• Echinoderms have bastropole
• Animals with mouths that develop from or near the
bastropole are called protostomes
• Some echinoderms follow a different pattern of
development, the annus changes instead of the mouth
and this animal are named deuterostomes
• The first deuterostomes were the first animals to develop
and endoskeleton
• Chordates as well as other small phyla , are also
deuterostomes
 Echinoderms Characteristics
• Endoskeleton: Have a calcium –rich endoskeleton composed of individual plates
called assicles
• Five-part radial symmetry: Most adult echinoderms have a five part body plan
with arms that radiated from a central point. Echinoderms have no head or brain
• Water Vascular System: have a water filled system of interconnected canal and
thousands of tiny hollows tube
• Coelomic Circulation and respiration: the echinoderms body cavity functions as
a simple circulatory and respiratory system
• Echinoderms diversity:
– Sea Stars
– Brittle Stars
– Sea Lilies and Feather Stars
– Sea Urchins and Sand Dollars
– Sea Cucumber
– Sea Daises
 Invertebrate Chordates
• The second major group of deuterostomes are the
chordates
• The Chordate endoskeleton is completely internal
• During the development of the chordate embryo a stiff
rod called the notochord develops along the back of the
embryo
• Phylum chordata is divided in three subphylum:
– Vertebrata
– Urochordata
– Cephalochordata
• Chordates that do not have backbones are called
invertebrates chordates
• Invertebrate Chordates are divided into tunicates and
lancelets
Introduction to vertebrates
Chordates common characteristics

• The presence of Notochord

• They Have a single hollow
• They have a series of pharyngeal
pouches
• Have a post anal tail
Vertebrate organ systems
First vertebrates on sea
• Sharks and bony fish
 First vertebrates on land
• The amphibians were the first vertebrates, they
share a common ancestor with modern lungfishes
and other lobe finned fishes
Terrestrial vertebrates
Evolution to dinasours
Triassic dinasours
Evolution to birds
Evolution to modern vertebrates
birds reptiles
Evolution to modern animals
Evolution to primates
Nonhuman primates
Early hominids
The genus Homo
Fishes
Respiration in fishes
Fish's circulation of blood
Regulating the
Reproduction
environment
Today’s fishes
Agnatha - Jawless fishes
Chondrinchthyes - Cartilaginous
fishes
Osteichyes-Bony fishes
 • Key Characteristics
• Legs
• Lungs
• Double-loop circulation
• Partially divided heart
• Cutaneous respiration
Amphibians' circulation of blood
Today's Amphibians
Anura- Frogs and Toads
Urodela – Salamanders and Newts
 Apoda - Caecilians
Specialized group of
tropical amphibians

Have small scales

Live burrowing to the

ground
• Strong, bony skeleton
• Ectothermic metabolism
• Dry, scaly skin
• Amniotic eggs
• Respiration through well developed lungs
• Internal fertilization
Reptilian circulation of blood
Today’s Reptiles
 Squatmata

Have a regeneratable
tail

Shallow their prey

Have a lower jaw that

is loosely connected Lizards
to the skull snakes
 Chelonia Turtles
tortoises
Have a bony protective
shell

Don´t have teeth but

jaws

Their shell is divided into

carapace and plastron
 Crocodilia
Closely related to
dinosaurs

Most are carnivores

Their common
environment lies on Crocodiles
water alligators
 Sauropsida
Belong to the genus
sphenodon

Native to New Zealand

Ancient unchanged
beings tuataras
Birds
• Have no teeth
• Can fly
• Have a short tail
• They lay amniotic eggs with scales
• Have hollow bones
Feathers
Bird´s Circulation of blood
Avian Lung structure
 Mammals
Key characteristics:
– Most live in land and are big enough to be noticed.
– Some swim (whales and dolphins), others fly (bats).
– Able to retain water more efficiently than reptiles.
– The mammalian kidney has the ability to concentrate waste in a small
volume of urine.
– Main Characteristics:
• Hair
• Diverse and specialized teeth
• Endothermic metabolism.
• Mammary glands that produce milk.
– Only mammals have hair.
Hair main functions:
• Insulation
• Camouflage
• Some serve as sensors
• Defensive weapons
 Teeth
– Usually only 2 sets of teeth
– Different tasks:
• Chew food
• Protection
• Threat Signal
– Four different types of teeth
• Incisors : Biting and cutting
• Canines : Stabbing and holding
• Premolars : crush and grind food
• Molars : Chew food
– Teeth are specialized for the food it eats
– Size of each type change between the species
 Body temperature

– Mammals are endotherms (produce heat

internally)
– Temperature remains relatively constant
– May be active during night or day
– Can live in very cold climates, where most
amphibians or reptiles can’t live.
– Mammals have an efficient respiratory and
circulatory systems that acquire and
distributes oxygen.
 Respiratory system

– Lungs aid the exchange of oxygen and carbon

dioxide
– Mammalian lungs are much more efficient
obtaining oxygen than reptilian or amphibian
lungs.
– Respiration in mammals is aided by the
diaphragm ,drawing air into the lungs
– Lungs have small chambers called alveoli
Heart and circulatory system

– Mammals have a four chambered heart with a

septum that divides the ventricles.
– The division creates 2 pumping chambers
(one for each loop of the circulatory system)
– One chamber pumps oxygen-rich blood to the
body. Other pumps oxygen-poor blood to the
lungs.
 Parental care

– Mammals (among vertebrates) are the only ones who

nourish the young after birth
– Mammary glands produce a nutrient-rich energy
source
– Having mammary glands give this class it’s name,
Mammalia
– Milk is rich in proteins, carbohydrates and fat.
– Young mammals are dependent on their mother for a
relatively long period (depends on each species)
– Primates have the longest period of parental
dependency of all mammals.
 Monotremes
• The most primitive of all mammals
• Represented by one only order, monotremata.
• Live in Australia, New Guinea, and South
America only
• Three living Monotreme species:
– Duckbill platypus
– 2 species of Echidnas
• Have shoulders and forelimbs that are reptilian
in appearance
• Only mammals that reproduce by laying eggs,
similar to reptiles
 Marsupials
• Order Marsupialia
• Young are born only days or weeks after fertilization
• The young develops on the mothers nipple (usually on
the pouch)
• After some months the young leaves the pouch.
Examples :
• Kangaroos,
• but wombats,
• wallaroos,
• koalas
• opossums
 Placental mammals
• The young are developed in the female’s uterus
and nourished by blood
• The placenta is the organ that allows the
diffusion of nutrients and oxygen from the
mother’s blood, across placental membranes
and into the blood of the fetus.
• Some are born more developed than others
• Most domestic animals are placental mammals.
Modern placental mammals

– There are 19 orders of placental mammals,

which include more than 90% of all mammal
species.
– Placental mammals inhabit all oceans and
continents (except Antarctica).
 Modern Placental mammal orders
• Rodentia
• Chiroptera
• Insectivora Remaining orders
• Cranivora •Edentata – Anteaters, armadillos
• Pinnipedia •Macroscelidea – Elephant shrews
• Primates •Sandentia – Tree shrews
•Pholidota – Pangolins
• Artiodactyla
•Hydrocoidea – Hyraxes
• Perissodactyla •Dermoptera – Flying lemur
• Cetacea •Tubulidentata – Ardvarks
• Lagomorpha
• Sirenia
• Proboscidea
 Order Rodentia
• Distinguished by their teeth
• They have 2 pairs of large, curving incisor teeth
that grow continuously
• Herbivores
• Examples:
– Capybara
– Wood mouse
– White-tailed Antelope Squirrel
 Order Chiroptera

• Only mammals capable to fly

• Nocturnal
• They live in groups
• Examples:
– Ghost-faced Bat
– Hairy-legged Vampire
– Eastern Pipistrelle
 Order Insectivora

• Most similar to the ancestors of the placental

mammals
• Eat mainly insects or fruits
• Must eat more than two times their body weight
daily to fuel their high metabolic rate.
• Examples:
– Hedgehogs
– Desmans
– Moles
 Order Carnivora
• Flesh eating hunters
• Generally subdivided in :
– The cat family
– The dog family
• Their long canine teeth are specializes for
capturing prey and eating flesh
• Examples
– Red Panda
– Dogs
– Cats
 Order Pinnipedia

• Marine carnivores
• Feed at sea but return to land to mate, rear their
young, and rest.
• Most species live in colonies called rookeries
• Examples:
– South American Sea Lion
– Southern Fur Seal
– Southern Elephant Seal
 Order Primates

• Extremely curious
• Exceptional ability to learn
• Most are flexible
• Examples:
– Olive Baboon
– Emperor Tamarin
– Humans
 Order Artiodactyla

• Walk with their entire weight supported by their

hoof-covered toes
• Most are herbivores
• Have a security system that consists on
protecting the herd.
• Examples:
– White-tailed Deer
– Wapiti
– Feral Pig
 Order perissodactyla

• Odd number of toes

• do not chew their cud
• they have a cecum, a pouch branching
from their large intestine
• Examples:
– Donkey
– Burchell’s zebra
– Horse
 Order Cetacea

• Probably descendants of land mammals that

returned to the sea 50 million years ago
• All marine
• They communicate by making sounds that we
hear as clicks
• Examples:
– Humpback Whale
– Orca
– Beluga
 Order Lagomorpha

• They have a pair of long incisors

• Additional pair of peg-like incisors that grow
behind the front pair
• Have long hind legs specialized for hopping
• Examples:
– Rabbit
– Pika
– Hares
 Order Sirenia

• All are marine animals

• They have front limbs modified as flippers and
no hind limb
• They eat mostly aquatic plants
• Examples:
– Amazonian Manatee
– Steller’s Sea Cow
– Dugong
 Order Proboscidea

• Only 2 living species

• Largest land animals alive
• They live in herds
• Examples
– African Elephant
– Asian Elepant
What is behavior?
Natural selection and behavior

– Natural selection favors traits that improve the

chance of an individual to survive & reproduce
– Traits that provide a reproductive advantage
become more common
– Traits that do not provide an advantage
become less common and may disappear.
 Individual Selection

• A trait or behavior doesn’t ensure the

survival of a species
• Natural selection favors traits that
contribute to the survival and reproduction
of individuals, not species
Genetically influenced behavior

• Genes influence animal behavior

• Innate behavior, or instinct, is the behavior
that is genetically programmed on an
animal.
Learning and behavior
 Genetic and learned aspects of
behavior

• Imprinting : The type of learning that can

only occur at a specific period of time in
the early life of animal