FARMAKOTERAPI OBAT PADA PENYAKIT BATU SALURAN KEMIH

Obat Tx BG/SK
Pembedahan
Metode lain: Litotripsi

+ aa _

OT
Tempuyung

Di Ind. dikenal sbg obat u/ BSK Heyne, 1987

Why is it important?
Prevalence 2% to 3% Likelihood that a white man will develop stone disease by age 70 1 in 8. Recurrence rate without treatment for calcium oxalate renal stones 10% at 1 year, 35% at 5 years, and 50% at 10 years
(Uribarri et al, 1989).

(Laerum & Murtagh, 2001)

Epidemiology
Rare in Native Americans, blacks of African or American decent, and native born Isrealis Bladder stones more common in malnourished, kidney disease more common in affluent

Epidemiology
Genetic
Evidence not clear Does appear in certain genetic disorders
Familial renal tubular acidosis Cystenuria Hereditary xanthinuria dehydroxyadeninuria

Epidemiology
Age and sex
Peak occurrence in 20s to 40s Males > females Women are more likely to have infectious or hereditary cause

 Ind.

termasuk daerah sabuk batu (stone belt) BSK (Subadi,1999) Retensi urin; 28,58 % karena BKM & Uretra (Barus, 1999)

Wiranto, 1999 meneliti BSK di RSUP Dr. Sarjito dari Jan 93-Des 97 menemukan 317kasus

 Batu saluran kemih dapat diderita siapa saja dari bayi sampai usia lanjut. Gilsanz, dkk 1985 10 bayi prematur dg Nefrolithiasis. Penderita BSK di RSUP Dr.Sardjito termuda laki-laki usia 2,5 th. & tertua 86 th. Pasien 79,6 %; 20,4 % dan terbanyak ditemukan umur dekade kelima yaitu 30 % (Wiranto, 1999).

Patogenesis terjadinya BSK * Teori presipitasi kristalisasi * Teori pembentukan inti matrik * Teori ketiadaan inhibitor * Teori penghambatan sistem limfa Teori yg konsisten pd bbrp pmbntk batu: pengeluaran bhn/unsur pokok pmbtk batu & pH. ( Teori presipitasi kristalisasi)

 Stones apparently form in an organized manner influenced by: -Composition of the environment -urinary solutes -urinary particles, i.e. bacteria, sloughed urothelium -uromucoids large arrays or protein formed in the urinary tract -glycoaminoglycans group of substances which coat the urinary tract

-Nature of the bed of origin -urothelium (transitional cell epithelium) -Field characteristics -magnetic -gravitational possibly influence of gravity on certain particles -Nature of Nidal forces it is assumed that every stone starts as a central core

Physical Chemistry
Supersaturation
Central event in stone formation Dependant on concentration, temperature, pH, other chemicals

Urine
Contains inhibitors which allow supersaturation metastable concentration

Stone formation once the process stone formation has begun, we are no longer dealing with a biological driven system, it is all a chemical process from that point on.

Symptoms/signs
Moderate to severe colicky flank pain, may radiate towards the testis, vulva or loin Radiation indicates that the stone has migrated toward lower third of ureter Some may even present with ureteral obstruction, unexplained persistent UTIs, or painless hematuria

Full workup
Pt. have h/o diarrhea, UTIs, or gout? FHx of stones? Urine pH, culture if UA shows signs of infection Serum calcium, phosphorous, parathyroid hormone, sodium, oxalate, citrate, uric acid, creatinine 24 hour urine collection for: calcium, sodium, oxalate, citrate, urate, creatinine Further imaging

Treatment
Percutaneous

Ultrasound Laser Electrohydrolic

ESWL the most frequent treatment modality for stones in the upper ureter and the kidneys Endourolology
Laser

ultrasound Extraction

Open lithotomy

Treatment
Normal calcium intake (lowers stone events by 50%) Low sodium diet High fluid intake (UO should be >2L/day) Hypercalcuria worsened by: high sodium diet, loop diuretics, high intake of animal protein For recurrent stones: thiazide diuretic and/or amiloride

What is amiloride?
Mild potassium-sparing diuretic Unique class, acts on distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct Action is independent of aldosterone Cannot use in patients with renal insufficiency Can cause hyperkalemia
go

Hyperoxaluria
Results from fat malabsorption (IBD, chronic pancreatitis, jejunoileal bypass) excessive dietary consumption (leafy greens), or recessive metabolic syndrome Treatment: cholestyramine, low-fat, low oxalate diet, calcium supplements given with meals
go

Hypocitrauria
Citric acid helps to prevent calcium stones by complexing wth free urinary calcium May be alone or found in combination with other disorders (RTA, chronic diarrheal illness Treatment: alkali, usually complexed with potassium instead of sodium Alkali increase urinary excretion of citrate
go other

Hyperuricosuria
Can cause calcium oxalate stones High urinary uric acid causes supersaturation of calcium oxalate Mainly from excessive dietary purine consumption Treatment: low dietary purine, allopurinol

Uric acid stones

Urate stones are radiolucent Hyperuricosuria AND low urinary pH (usually less than 5.5) Assoc. conditions: myeloprolferative disorders (with or without chemo), Lesch-Nyhan Treatment: alkalinization of urine with bicarb or citrate, hydration, allopurinol

Struvite stones
From urease-producing organisms, most often Proteus mirabilis Infection can occur from chronic obstruction, instrumentation, or chronic antibiotic therapy Treatment: antibiotics, removal of staghorn calculus, which is frequently infected

Cystine Stones
Genetic defect in amino acid transport in the GI brush border and renal tubules Suspect when stones are formed at a young age Stones are radioopaque Treatment: hydration (UO>3L/day), alkalinization, and D-penicillamine or alpha-mercaptoproprionyl glycine

Penanganan batu saluran kemih

Konservatif : Hidrasi, Diet. Obat (Simptomatik: Analgesik, spasmolitik), (kausatif). Tindakan (Invasif, noninvasif) Obat tradisional dari berbagai jenis tanaman: daun (keji beling, gempur batu, tempuyung, urat,wungu, kaki kuda); akar (pohon enau, bt. Pepaya); rimpang (temulawak). Farmakologinya ???
other

Tanaman Tempuyung (Sonchus arvensis L.

other

 Allopurinol - Zyloric Cholestyramin - Questran

other

go other

Linkomisin Klindamisin

Basitrasin Vankomisin

4 Amfoterisin Nistatin

1 Sulfonamid, Trimetoprim Metronidazol, INH, Asam Nalidiksat, vidarabin, Acyclovir