HEAT TRANSFER

Presented by Heat Transfer D.P.MATHIVATHANI

HEAT TRANSFER :
Heat transfer can be defined as the transmission of energy from one region to other as a result of temperature gradient It takes place by the following three modes: a) Conduction b) Convection c) Radiation

Conduction :
Conduction is the transfer of heat from one part of a substance to another part of the same substance, or from one substance to another in physical contact with it, without appreciable displacement of molecules forming the substance.

Convection:
It is a process of heat transfer that will occur between a surface and a fluid medium when they are at different temperatures. Convection is possible only in the presence of fluid medium

Radiation:
The heat transfer from one body to another without any transmitting medium is known as radiation. It is an electromagnetic wave phenomenon.

Fouriers Law of Heat Conduction Fourier's law is an empirical law based on observation. It states that the rate of heat flow, dQ/dt, through a homogeneous solid is directly proportional to the area, A, of the section at right angles to the direction of heat flow, and to the temperature difference along the path of heat flow, dT/dx .

The proportionality ratio, k , is called thermal conductivity of the material

Assumptions:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Conduction of heat takes place under steady state conditions. The heat flow is unidirectional. The temperature gradient is constant and the temperature profile is linear. There is no internal heat generation. The bounding surfaces are isothermal in character. The material is homogeneous and isotropic.

Some essential features of Fourier's law:

1. It is applicable to all matter. 2. It is based on experimental evidence and cannot be derived from first principle. 3. It is a vector expression indicating that heat flow rate is in the direction of decreasing temperature and is normal to an isotherm. 4. It helps to define thermal conductivity k of the medium through which heat is conducted.

Thermal conductivity of a materials:

The amount of energy conducted through a body of unit area, and unit thickness in unit time when the difference in temperature between the faces causing heat flow is unit temperature difference. We have k = Q/A*dx/dt Tke value of k = 1 when Q = A = dt/dx = 1 The unit of k is W/mK or W/mc

Thermal resistance:
Thermal resistance is the ability of a material to resist the flow of heat. Thermal resistance is the reciprocal of thermal conductance, i.e., lowering its value will raise the heat conduction and vice versa. (Rth)cond. = dx/kA

Conduction through a plane wall

Heat flows through a plane wall of thickness L as illustrated to the right: The rate of heat flow Q [W] over the area A [m2] and an infinitesimal thickness dx [m] of the wall may be written as:

where k [W/mK] is the wall thermal conductivity. This equation is known as Fourier's law of conduction. Integrating for a wall thickness L with boundary temperatures T1 and T2 gives:

Weight of the wall W = AL

W= (k)A*A.(Rth)

Heat Conduction through a composite wall

Heat conduction through composite wall

Thermal contact resistance:

When two solid bodies come in contact, such as A and B in Figure , heat flows from the hotter body to the colder body. From experience, the temperature profile along the two bodies varies, approximately, as shown in the figure. A temperature drop is observed at the interface between the two surfaces in contact. This phenomenon is said to be a result of a thermal contact resistance existing between the contacting surfaces. Thermal contact resistance is defined as the ratio between this temperature drop and the average heat flow across the interface.

Overall Heat transfer Coefficient

While dealing with the problem of fluid to fluid heat transfer across a metal boundary, it is usual to adopt an overall heat transfer coefficient U which gives the heat transmitted per unit area per unit time per degree temperature between the bulk fluids on each side of the metal.

Heat Transfer from Extended surfaces (FINS):

The purpose of fins is to improve heat dissipation from a surface to surroundings.

Fins are widely used in engineering heat transfer equipments:

Electrical apparatus like transformers and motors in which the generated heat should be efficiently transferred, are provided with fins on the outside surface. Similarly fins are provided on the cylinders of air cooled LC. engines (like that of a motor cycle) and on a large variety of heat exchanger.

Assumptions:
(i) Heat flow in the extended surface is steady, (ii) There are no heat sources or sinks within the extended surface, (iii) The thermal conductivity of the solid is constant, (iv) The fluid is at a uniform and constant temperature, (v) The heat transfer coefficient between the extended surface and the fluid is constant,

(vi) Temperature in the extended surface is one-dimensional. This can be achieved if the cross-section of the fin is small compared to its length, (vii) The temperature of the base of the fins is constant.

Types of Fins:
Straight Fins Annular Fins Longitudinal Fins Rectangular Fins Conical Fins Trapezoidal Fins Parabolic Fins Cylindrical Fins/Pins/Spines Truncated Conical Spine Triangular Fins

Fin Efficiency:
fin = Q fin/Q max

Fin Effectiveness:
Fin effectiveness = Q with fin/Q without fin