BASIC CHEMISTRY 2

Lecturer : Irma Ratna K., M.Sc.Tech.

SOLUTION ( IDEAL SOLUTION
AND COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES)
Group 2:

1. Nurul Hanifah Aldi (3315126598)
2. Retno Ayu Puspita (3315126600)
3. Sela Devi Anggraeni (3315126605)

Bilingual Education Of Chemistry
2012
WHAT WE WILL BE DISCUSSSED?
Solution
Ideal Solution
Colligative Properties
SOLUTION
Homogenous mixture from
two or more substances
Solute
Substance
Solvent
Substance
A smaller number
of substances
A bigger number of
substances
SOLUTION
Saturated Solution
Unsaturated Solution
Supersaturated
solution
Two substances with the forces between
molecules of the same is likely to be mutually
dissolved:

Non-polar molecules are soluble in non-polar
solvents (CCl
4
in C
6
H
6
)
Polar molecules are soluble in polar solvents
(C
2
H
5
OH in H
2
O)
Ionic compounds are more soluble in polar
solvents (NaCl in H
2
O )
IDEAL SOLUTION
Ideal Solution is solution where the
attractive forces between the solute
and solvent molecules is equal to the
force of attraction between
molecules of solute or solvent
molecules, respectively.
IDEAL SOLUTION
Another feature is that the
ideal solution would be
the sum appropriate
volume volume its
components. In the non-
ideal solution, the sum of
the volume of pure solute
and pure solvent is not the
same as the volume of the
solution.
When the interaction
between the molecular
components of the
solution is equal to the
interaction between the
molecular components
are in a pure state, then
formed an idealization of
the so-called ideal
solution

Actually there is no mixture that could be
considered ideal. But some solution mixed
condition actually approached the ideal
situation. Here is an example:
*hexane dan heptane
* benzene dan methylbenzene
IDEAL SOLUTION
In a solution, several large-energy molecules
can use energy to beat the appeal of
intermolecular liquid surface and then break
away to become vapor.
The smaller the intermolecular energy, the
more molecules that can escape at a certain
temperature.

If you have a second solution, the same thing
happened. At a given temperature, most of
the existing molecules will have enough
energy to escape from the surface of the
solution.



In an ideal mixture of the two, the tendency of
the two kinds of molecules in it to escape
unchanged.

Raoults Law
Describes vapor pressure lowering mathematically.
The lowering of the vapour pressure when a non-
volatile solute is dissolved in a volatile solvent (A)
can be described by Raoults Law:

P
A
= _
A
P
A

P
A
= vapour pressure of solvent A above the solution
c
A
= mole fraction of the solvent A in the solution
P
A
= vapour pressure of pure solvent A
only the solvent (A) contributes to
the vapour pressure of the solution
What is the vapor pressure of water above a sucrose (MW=342.3 g/mol)
solution prepared by dissolving 158.0 g of sucrose in 641.6 g of water at
25 C?
The vapor pressure of pure water at 25 C is 23.76 mmHg.
mol sucrose = (158.0 g)/(342.3 g/mol) = 0.462 mol
mol water = (641.6 g)/(18 g/mol) = 35.6 mol

X
water
=
mol water
(mol water)+(mol sucrose)
=
35.6
35.6+0.462
= 0.987
P
soln
= X
water
P
water
= (0.987)(23.76 mm Hg)

= 23.5 mm Hg
Mixtures of Volatile Liquids
Both liquids evaporate & contribute to the vapor pressure
Raoults Law: Mixing Two Volatile Liquids
Since BOTH liquids are volatile and contribute to the
vapour, the total vapor pressure can be represented
using Daltons Law:

P
T
= P
A
+ P
B

The vapor pressure from each component follows Raoults Law:

P
T
= _
A
P
A
+ _
B
P
B


Also, _
A
+ _
B
= 1 (since there are 2 components)

Benzene and Toluene
Consider a two solvent (volatile) system
The vapor pressure from each component follows
Raoult's Law.
Benzene - Toluene mixture:

Recall that with only two components, _
Bz
+ _
Tol
= 1

Benzene: when _
Bz
= 1, P
Bz
= P
Bz
= 384 torr &
when _
Bz
= 0 , P
Bz
= 0

Toluene: when _
Tol
= 1, P
Tol
= P
Tol
= 133 torr &
when _
Tol
= 0, P
Bz
= 0
384 torr
133 torr
X Benzene
X Toluene
0 1
1
0
P (Total)
P (Benzene)
P (Toluene)
133 torr
384 torr
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

Solution properties who does not
depend on the type of dissolved
substances but depending on the
number of particles
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
There are four common types of
colligative properties:
1. Vapor pressure lowering
2. Freezing point depression
3. Boiling point elevation
4. Osmotic pressure
Vapor pressure lowering is the key to all
four of the colligative properties.
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and
Raoults Law
Addition of a nonvolatile solute to a solution
lowers the vapor pressure of the solution.
The effect is simply due to fewer solvent
molecules at the solutions surface.
The solute molecules occupy some of the spaces
that would normally be occupied by solvent.
Raoults Law models this effect in ideal
solutions.
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and
Raoults Law
Derivation of Raoults Law:

P P
where P vapor pressure of solvent
P vapor pressure of pure solvent
mole fraction of solvent
solvent solvent solvent
0
solvent
solvent
0
solvent
=
=
=
=
X
in solution
X in solution
23
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and
Raoults Law
Lowering of vapor pressure, P
solvent
, is defined
as:
0
solvent solvent
0
solvent solvent
0
solvent
solvent
0
solvent solvent
)P 1 (
) P )( ( - P
P P P
X
X
=
=
= A
24
Lowering of vapor pressure, P
solvent
, is defined
as:
0
solvent solvent
0
solvent solvent
0
solvent
solvent
0
solvent solvent
)P 1 (
) P )( ( - P
P P P
X
X
=
=
= A
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and
Raoults Law
25
Remember that the sum of the mole fractions
must equal 1.
Thus X
solvent
+ X
solute
= 1, which we can substitute
into our expression.
Law s Raoult' is which
P P
- 1
0
solvent solute solvent
solvent solute
X
X X
= A
=
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and
Raoults Law
26
This graph shows how the solutions vapor
pressure is changed by the mole fraction of
the solute, which is Raoults law.
Lowering of Vapor Pressure and
Raoults Law
27
The vapor pressure of water is 17.5 torr at 20C.
Imagine holding the temperature constant while
adding glucose, C
6
H
12
O
6
, to the water so that the
resulting solution has X
H2O
= 0.80 and X
Glu
= 0.20.
What is , the vapor pressure of water over the
solution

0
A A A
P X P =
torr X P X P
A A A
5 . 17 80 . 0
0
= =
= 14 torr
Examples
28
Glycerin, C
3
H
8
O
3
, is a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte with
a density of 1.26 g/mL at 25C. Calculate the vapor
pressure at 25C of a solution made by adding 50.0
mL of glycerin to 500.0 mL of water. The vapor
pressure of pure water at 25C is 23.8 torr
The vapor pressure of pure water at 110C is 1070
torr. A solution of ethylene glycol and water has a
vapor pressure of 1.00 atm at 110C. Assuming that
Raoult's law is obeyed, what is the mole fraction of
ethylene glycol in the solution? Answer: 0.290
P
H2O
=1070 torr
P
H2O
= 1 Atm = 760 torr
X
H2O
= ---------
P
H2O
P
H2O

= ---------
760 torr
1070 torr
=
0.71028
X
H2O
+ X
EG
= 1
0.7103 + X
EG
= 1
1- 0.7103 = X
EG

X
EG
=
0.28972
= 0.290
30
More Examples
Sucrose is a nonvolatile, nonionizing solute in
water. Determine the vapor pressure lowering,
at 27C, of a solution of 75.0 grams of sucrose,
C
12
H
22
O
11
, dissolved in 180. g of water. The
vapor pressure of pure water at 27C is 26.7
torr. Assume the solution is ideal.
mol
Suc g
Suc mol
gSuc n
Suc
219 . 0
3 . 342
1
0 . 75 = =
mol
Watyer g
Water mol
gWater n
Water
99 . 9
18
1
180 = =
978541 . 0
2191 . 0 991 . 9
991 . 9
=
+
=
+
=
Uc Water
water
Water
n n
n
X
13 . 26 97854 . 0 7 . 26
0
= = = X torr X P P
Water Water Water
Vapor Pressure Lowered = 26.7-26.1= 0.6
31
solution is made by mixing 52.1 g of propyl chloride,
C
3
H
8
Cl, and 38.4 g of propyl bromide, C
3
H
8
Br. What
is the vapor pressure of propyl chloride in the
solution at 25C? The vapor pressure of pure propyl
chloride is 347 torr at 25C and that of pure propyl
bromide is 133 torr at 25C. Assume that the
solution is an ideal solution.
6633 . 0
54 . 78
1
1 . 52 = =
CP g
CP mol
CP g n
CP
312 . 0
99 . 122
1
4 . 38 = =
CB g
CB mol
CB g n
CB
67996 . 0
3122 . 0 6633 . 0
6633 . 0
=
+
=
+
=
PB PC
PCr
PC
n n
n
X
Torr X X P P
PC PC PC
236 95 . 235 679964 . 0 347
0
= = = =
32
. At 25C a solution consists of 0.450 mole of
pentane, C
5
H
12
, and 0.250 mole of cyclopentane,
C
5
H
10
. What is the mole fraction of cyclopentane in
the vapor that is in equilibrium with this solution?
The vapor pressure of the pure liquids at 25C are
451 torr for pentane and 321 torr for cyclopentane.
Assume that the solution is an ideal solution.
95 . 202 451 450 .
0
= = = X X P P
Pen Pen Pen
25 . 80 321 250 . 0
0
= = = X X P P
CPen CPen CPen
RT
V P
n
RT
V P
n
RT
PV
n
CPen
CPen
Pen
Pen
= = = ; ;
Pen CPen
CPen
Pen CPen
CPen
Pen CPen
CPen
CPen
P P
P
RT
V P
RT
V P
RT
V P
n n
n
X
+
=
+
=
+
=
283 . 0
95 . 202 25 . 80
25 . 80
=
+
=
CPen
P
33
Boiling Point Elevation
Addition of a nonvolatile solute to a solution
raises the boiling point of the solution above
that of the pure solvent.
This effect is because the solutions vapor
pressure is lowered as described by Raoults law.
The solutions temperature must be raised to
make the solutions vapor pressure equal to the
atmospheric pressure.
The amount that the temperature is elevated
is determined by the number of moles of
solute dissolved in the solution.
34
Boiling Point Elevation
Boiling point elevation relationship is:
solvent for the
constant elevation point boiling molal K
solution of ion concentrat molal
elevation point boiling T : where
K T
b
b
b b
=
=
= A
= A
m
m
35
Boiling Point Elevation
Example 14-4: What is the normal boiling
point of a 2.50 m glucose, C
6
H
12
O
6
, solution?
C 101.28 = C 28 . 1 + C 100.0 = solution the of Point Boiling
C 28 . 1 T
) 50 . 2 )( C/ 512 . 0 ( T
K T
0 0 0
0
b
0
b
b b
= A
= A
= A
m m
m
36
Boiling-Point Elevation
The addition of a nonvolatile solute lowers the
vapor pressure of the solution.
At any given temperature,
the vapor
pressure
of the
solution
is lower
than that
of the
pure
liquid
37
The increase in boiling point relative to that of the
pure solvent, AT
b
, is directly proportional to the
number of solute particles per mole of solvent
molecules.
Molality expresses the number of moles of solute
per 1000 g of solvent, which represents a fixed
number of moles of solvent
m K T
b b
= A
Solvent
B.Point (C) K
b

(C/m)
Freezing P.
(C)
K
f
(C/m)
Water, H
2
O
100.0 0.52 0.00 1.86
Benzen, C
6
H
6

80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12
Ethanol, C
2
H
6
O
78.4 1.22 -114.0 1.99
Carbon tetrachloride, CCl
4

76.8 5.02 -22 29.8
Chloroform,
CHCl
3

61.2 3.63 -63.5 4.68
38
Automotive antifreeze consists of ethylene glycol,
C
2
H
6
O
2
, a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte. Calculate the
boiling point of a 25.0 mass percent solution of
ethylene glycol in water.
39
Calculate the boiling point of a solution of 2.0 molal
of NaCl. K
b, water
= 0.52 C /mola.
At = K
b
m
At = (0.52 C/molal)(4.0 molal) =2.08 C
NaCl(aq) Na
+
+ Cl
-
2.0 m 2.0 m 2.0 m
2.0 m + 2.0 m = 4.0m
BP = NBP +At = 100.00C +2.08 C = 102.08 C
40
Freezing Point Depression
Addition of a nonvolatile solute to a solution
lowers the freezing point of the solution
relative to the pure solvent.
See table 14-2 for a compilation of boiling
point and freezing point elevation constants.
41
Freezing Point Depression
Relationship for freezing point depression is:
A
A
T K
where: T freezing point depression of solvent
molal concentration of soltuion
K freezing point depression constant for solvent
f f
f
f
=
=
=
=
m
m
42
Freezing Point Depression
Notice the similarity of the two relationships
for freezing point depression and boiling point
elevation.
Fundamentally, freezing point depression and boiling point
elevation are the same phenomenon.
The only differences are the size of the effect which is reflected in
the sizes of the constants, K
f
& K
b
.
This is easily seen on a phase diagram for a solution.
m m
b b f f
K T vs. K T = A = A
43
Freezing Point Depression
44
Freezing Point Depression
Example 14-5: Calculate the freezing point of a
2.50 m aqueous glucose solution.
C 4.65 - = C 4.65 - C 0.00 = solution of Point Freezing
C 65 . 4 T
) 50 . 2 )( C/ (1.86 T
K T
0 0 0
0
f
0
f
f f
= A
= A
= A
m m
m
45
Freezing Point Depression
Example 14-6: Calculate the freezing point of a
solution that contains 8.50 g of benzoic acid
(C
6
H
5
COOH, MW = 122) in 75.0 g of benzene,
C
6
H
6
.
You do it!
46
Freezing Point Depression
C 0.72 = C 4.76 - C 5.48 = F.P.
C 76 . 4 ) 929 . 0 )( C/ 12 . 5 ( T
K T
solution. for this depression the Calculate . 2
929 . 0
COOH H C g 122
COOH H C mol 1
H C kg 0.0750
COOH H C g 50 . 8
H C kg
COOH H C mol ?
molality! Calculate . 1
0 0 0
0 0
f
f f
5 6
5 6
6 6
5 6
6 6
5 6
= = A
= A
=
=
m m
m
m
47
Freezing Point Depression
The size of the freezing point depression
depends on two things:
1. The size of the K
f
for a given solvent, which are well
known.
2. And the molal concentration of the solution which
depends on the number of moles of solute and the
mass of solvent.
If K
f
and mass of solvent are known, as is often
the case in an experiment, then we can
determine # of moles of solute and use it to
determine the molecular weight..
What is the freezing point of a solution containing 1499
g of ethylene glycol (antifreeze) in 3255 g of water? The
molar mass of ethylene glycol is 62.0 g\mol.
AT
f
= K
f
m i
m =
moles of solute
mass of solvent (kg)
= 7.43 m =
3.255 kg solvent
1499 g x
1 mol
62.0 g
K
f
water = 1.86
0
C/m
AT
f
= K
f
m = 1.86
0
C/m x 7.43 m = 13.8
0
C
Solution FP = Normal FP - AT
f
= 0.00
0
C 13.8
0
C = -13.8
0
C
Example Problem 4
i = 1.0 for all non-electrolytes (molecules that dont ionize)
49
Osmotic Pressure
Osmosis is the net flow of a solvent between
two solutions separated by a semipermeable
membrane.
The solvent passes from the lower concentration
solution into the higher concentration solution.
Examples of semipermeable membranes
include:
1. cellophane and saran wrap
2. skin
3. cell membranes
50
Osmotic Pressure
H
2
O
2
O
semipermeable membrane
H
2
O H
2
O
sugar dissolved
in water
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
H
2
O
net solvent flow
51
Osmotic Pressure
52
Osmotic Pressure
Osmosis is a rate controlled phenomenon.
The solvent is passing from the dilute solution into
the concentrated solution at a faster rate than in
opposite direction, i.e. establishing an equilibrium.
The osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted
by a column of the solvent in an osmosis
experiment.
t
t
= M
M
RT
where: = osmotic pressure in atm
= molar concentration of solution
R = 0.0821
L atm
mol K
T = absolute temperature
53
Osmotic Pressure
For very dilute aqueous solutions, molarity
and molality are nearly equal.
M ~ m
t = m
for dilute aqueous solutions only
RT
54
Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressures can be very large.
For example, a 1 M sugar solution has an osmotic
pressure of 22.4 atm or 330 p.s.i.
Since this is a large effect, the osmotic pressure
measurements can be used to determine the
molar masses of very large molecules such as:
1. Polymers
2. Biomolecules like
proteins
ribonucleotides
55
Osmotic Pressure
Example 14-18: A 1.00 g sample of a biological
material was dissolved in enough water to give
1.00 x 10
2
mL of solution. The osmotic pressure
of the solution was 2.80 torr at 25
o
C. Calculate
the molarity and approximate molecular weight
of the material.
You do it!
56
Osmotic Pressure
( )
( )
t
t
t
= =
=
=

M M
M M
RT
RT
atm = 2.80 torr
1 atm
760 torr
atm =
=
atm
0.0821 K
L atm
mol K
? .
.
.
0 00368
0 00368
298
150 10
4
57
Osmotic Pressure
( )
( )
t
t
t
= =
=
=
=

M M
M M
M
RT
RT
atm = 2.80 torr
1 atm
760 torr
atm =
=
atm
0.0821 K
g
mol
1.00 g
0.100 L
L
typical of small proteins
L atm
mol K
g
mol
? .
.
.
?
.
.
0 00368
0 00368
298
150 10
1
150 10
6 67 10
4
4
4
before we enter
the material
van't Hoff factor

first we will first
identify the
characteristics of
non-electrolyte and
electrolyte
compounds
non-electrolyte compounds

solution that can not
conduct electricity
example:
carbohydrate family
alcohol family
Ether family
urea (CO(NH2)2)
ethanol (C2H5OH)
electrolyte compounds

solution that can conduct electric current
Example:
Acid solution
Base solution
Saline solution
electrolyte compounds

.1. The solution will be more difficult to evaporate than pure
solvent because the solvent vapor pressure decreased as a result
of the dissolved particles.
2. If the solution is connected with the pure solvent through the
membrane semipermeable, then the solution will experience
volume due to osmotic pressure.
If we dissolve a solute in a pure solvent, then it
most likely will be the following
3. If boiled, the solution will boil at a higher temperature if
compared with pure solvent. As a result of the dissolved
particles will increase the boiling point.
4. If frozen, the solution would freeze at a temperature less
than or below the freezing temperature of the pure solvent.
As a result of the dissolved particles will decrease the
freezing point.
C
12
H
22
O
11
(s) C
12
H
22
O
11
(aq)
NaCl(s) Na
+
(aq) + Cl

(aq)
Colligative properties of an electrolyte solution is generally
greater than the colligative properties of non-electrolyte
solution when the two solutions that have the same
concentration. to explain this difference using the Van't Hoff
factor i is known as the Van't Hoff factor.

This factor is the ratio of colligative properties of electrolyte
solutions with a particular concentration divided by the
colligative properties of a non-electrolyte solution with the
same concentration.
Electrolyte VS Non-Electrolyte
In the same concentration, colligative
properties of electrolyte solutions is greater
than the colligative properties of solutions of
non-electrolytes.
WHY?
Electrolyte Solution

The decomposition of the electrolyte solution
into ions is due to the equilibrium reaction
force of attraction ion-ion opposite.
The degree of Dissociation (o)
To express a lot or at least the ionized substances used term
electrolyte ionization degree or degrees of dissociation.




Strong electrolytes as easily ionized then the degree of
ionization rates approaching one.
Electrolyte solution of weak prices ionization degree is very
small due to difficult ionized.
The number of solute particles ionize the
reaction of electrolyte solution formulated in the
Van't Hoff factor. Calculation of colligative
properties of electrolyte solutions are always
multiplied by a factor of Van't Hoff
70
Colligative Properties and Dissociation
of Electrolytes
Electrolytes have larger effects on boiling point
elevation and freezing point depression than
nonelectrolytes.
This is because the number of particles released in
solution is greater for electrolytes
One mole of sugar dissolves in water to produce
one mole of aqueous sugar molecules.
One mole of NaCl dissolves in water to produce
two moles of aqueous ions:
1 mole of Na
+
and 1 mole of Cl
-
ions
71
Colligative Properties and Dissociation
of Electrolytes


Remember colligative properties depend on the
number of dissolved particles.
Since NaCl has twice the number of particles we can
expect twice the effect for NaCl than for sugar.


Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution of
NaOH 0.2 mol in 90 grams of water if the
vapor pressure at a given temperature is 100
mmHg!


Answer :
X NaOH :

: 0,2 mol =0,038
0,2 mol + 90g/18g/mol
Because NaOH is strong electrolyte (=1) and
n=2, so:
P : P
o
. Xt . i {1+(n-1)}
: 100 mmHg . 0,038 . {1+ (2-1) 1}
:7,6 mmHg
P : 100 mmHg 7,6 mmHg
: 92,4 mmHg
Example Problem 2
What is the freezing point of an
aqueous solution containing 100. g of
NaCl dissolved in 600. g of water?
AT
f
= K
f
m i
Kf = 1.86 C/m and i = 2.0 (two ions)
Molal concentration must be calculated.
mol solute
m =
Kg solvent
1 mol NaCl
100. g NaCl
58.44 g
=
0.600 Kg
| |
|
\ .
= 2.85 m
f f
T = K m i
( )
( )( )
o
C
m
= 1.86 2.85 m 2.0
0
= 10.6 C
Solution FP = Normal FP AT
f
= 0.0 10.6 =
-
10.6 C
Na
+
/Cl
-

A 0.1 molal H2SO4 solution, the substance is a strong
acid with a degree of ionization of = 1. if the
solvent water, and the value of kb water = 0.52 C /
molal.

Determine the boiling point of the solution
Example of calculating matter colligative properties
electrolyte solution

What is the freezing point depression of the solution
in the solvent water?
Kf water = 1,86C m
1
.
a. 0,1 m Glucose solution
b. 0,1 m NaCl solution
Answer:
a. Because glucose is a non-electrolyte substances, the number of
molecules of glucose in a glucose solution into 0.1 m 0.1 m.
C
6
H
12
O
6
(s) C
6
H
12
O
6
(aq)
0,1 molal 0,1 molal
Lowering freezing point:
Tf =m Kf
Tf =1 0,1 m 1,86 C m
1
.
Tf =0,186C
(b) Because NaCl is the electrolyte substance in 0.1 molal NaCl
solution there will be 0.2 molal ions:
NaCl(s) Na
+
(aq) + Cl

(aq)
0,1 molal 0,1 molal 0,1 molal
The lowering freezing point of the solution is :
Tf=2 0,1 m 1,86C m
1

=0,372C

Example Determining Electrolyte Solution Osmotic Pressure

Sea water containing 0,5 M NaCl. Calculate the osmotic
pressure at 25C and the percent deviation of the phase of the
vant hoff factor. Known Vant Hoff factor for NaCl = 1,9.

Answer:
Because NaCl is an electrolyte solution, there would
theoretically ions 2 times the salt concentration. The
calculation of the theoretical osmotic pressure:
= (2) M RT =(2) (0,5 mol L
1
) (0,082 L atm mol
1
K

1
) (298 K)
= 24,436 atm
Calculation of the osmotic pressure of the
experiment:
= (i) M R T = (1,9)(0,5 mol L
1
)(0,082 L atm mol
1
K

1
)(298 K)
= 23,214 atm

80
Colligative Properties and Dissociation
of Electrolytes
Ion pairing or association of ions prevents the
effect from being exactly equal to the number
of dissociated ions
Example Problem 2
What is the freezing point of an
aqueous solution containing 100. g of
NaCl dissolved in 600. g of water?
AT
f
= K
f
m i
Kf = 1.86 C/m and i = 2.0 (two ions)
Molal concentration must be calculated.
mol solute
m =
Kg solvent
1 mol NaCl
100. g NaCl
58.44 g
=
0.600 Kg
| |
|
\ .
= 2.85 m
f f
T = K m i
( )
( )( )
o
C
m
= 1.86 2.85 m 2.0
0
= 10.6 C
Solution FP = Normal FP AT
f
= 0.0 10.6 =
-
10.6 C
Na
+
/Cl
-

Osmotic Pressure
Example Problem 6
The Jubail desalination plant in Saudi
Arabia is the largest in the world. The
plant, located on the Persian Gulf,
produces 800 million gallons per day (50%
of Saudi Arabias fresh water supply).
If the concentration of salt in the seawater
is 0.60 M, what pressure in psi is required
to start reverse osmosis (used in
desalination)?
Assume 25.0C, i = 2.0, and 1atm=14.7psi
MRTi t = ( )( )
( )
mol L atm
L mol K
0.60 0.0821 298 K (2.0) =
= 29.36 atm
14.7 psi
29.36 atm
1.00 atm
| |
|
\ .
= 432 psi