Planning Principles

Module III: Methodology and Practicum in English Language Teaching II

Introduction
Definition Importance Principles Components

The importance of lesson planning

It will lead you through the class It will allow you to combine different activities or exercises thinking about your students characteristics It will help you to design a class with different components to keep your students motivation and interest Something the teacher wants to improve (Lindsay, 2000)

Task 1
Think of additional benefits of lesson planning to your particular situation.

The two main principles behind lesson planning

Variety

Flexibility

Source: Harmer, 1991

Task 2
Planning The learners The aims The teaching poing The teaching procedures Materials Classrom Management
Source: Scrivener, 1994

How many separate activities will there be? Where will I stand or sit? What do learners need? Is there going to be variety of activity in the lesson How do lesson objectives fit in the longer-term goals? How will I control timing? What do they already?

Dos and Donts

Be specific Anticipate problems Decide timing Have materials ready Avoid to many details File your plan for the future

Source: Lindsay, 2000

Learning Outcomes
Cognitive Outcomes: Intellectual outcomes. They involve the application of facts, theories and concepts. Psychomotor Outcomes: They describe skills the learner develops (Physical). Affective Outcomes: They describe feelings and attitudes which shape our behavior towards people, work and our world (behavioral).

Expressing learning outcomes

It is necessary to use verbs which clearly indicate how the learner will demonstrate what she/he has learned. Observable performance The instructor can determine whether the learner has achieved the required level of competence. e.g. Analyze the ideas portrayed in selected pieces of art.

Elements of Instruction
Learner objective(s): Task statement, it will open with a verb of what the learner will be able to do at the end of the lesson. Instructor objective(s): Goal of the instructor. Rationale: Why is it important for the learners to master the objectives of the lesson? How do they fit in the big picture Pre-assessment: It determines if the learners already have mastered the skills within the framework of the learning objectives. Instructor activities: The dynamics of the lesson as you see it.

Learner activities: What you plan for the learners to do in order to master the competencies in the objectives. Summary of the lesson, in order to assist the learners in interpreting the components of the lesson. Post-assessment: It determines if there has been change in competency from the pre-assessment. Linkage between this lesson and the next lesson in order to help the learners become mentally prepared for what is to come.

Instructional Plan
Learner Objective Rationale Bridging Pre-assessment
Time Instructional Learner activities Instructional activities Aids

Summary Post-assessment Linkage

 Objective: Follow a logical pattern to organize information. Rationale: A writer needs to organize information in an acceptable, logical format so the reader can follow an instructional text and understand the details in a procedure. Bridging: Participants understand how to organize information in general texts, and use specific vocabulary. Now they will apply these skills to instructional texts.

 Pre-assessment: The instructor asks learners learners if they are good at giving directions, and why (or why not). Instructor activities: The instructor generates discussion about different situations where writers are required to write out directions. Learners receive a map and ask questions in pairs to practice their skills at giving directions. Summary: The instructor summarizes some of this information Post-assessment: The students write the instructions for finding a specific place on the map. Linkage: In the next lesson, learners will build these skills and write instructions for more complex procedures.

Application Exercise
a) Design a lesson plan taking into consideration learning outcomes and instructional planning. b) Review other formats, then decide which elements you consider to be essencial in your lesson plan and justify your choice.