Personality

Traits view of personality: we are born with the personality we display through our behavior in various situations e.g. shy, outgoing, tense, extroverted

The big five personality factors

Introversion extroversion Consideration, agreeableness, Conscientiousness, carefulness Emotional stability, anxiety, neuroticism Intelligence, inquiry, openness to experience

Personality Traits
The Big-Five factors are:
Extraversion: A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious and assertive Agreeableness: A personality dimension that

describes someone who is good-natured,

cooperative and trusting

Personality Traits
Conscientiousness: A personality dimension that
describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized Emotional Stability: A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-

confident, secure versus nervous, depressed,

and insecure

Personality Traits

Openness to Experience: A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imaginativeness, artistry, sensitivity,

and intellectualism

Personality Traits
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) : A test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into one of the sixteen personality types Classification:

- E or I (extroverted or introverted) - S or N (sensing or intuiting)

- T or F (thinking or feeling)
- P or J (perceiving or judging)

16 Personality Types Under MBTI

Extraverted thinking with sensing Extraverted thinking with intuition Introverted thinking with sensing Introverted thinking with intuition

Extraverted feeling with sensing Extraverted feeling with intuition Introverted feeling with sensing Introverted feeling with intuition

16 Personality Types Under MBTI

Extraverted sensing with thinking Extraverted sensing with feeling Introverted sensing with thinking Introverted sensing with feeling Extraverted intuition with thinking Extraverted intuition with feeling Introverted intuition with thinking Introverted intuition with feeling

Personality as the Self

The term self has two meanings -

The

self

concept

or

self

image:

Attitudes,

feelings,

perceptions

and

evaluations of self as an object (Hall

and Lindzey, 1970)

Personality as the Self

The second set of meanings relate to self as a process - Psychological processes which are executive functions

Psychological Processes As Executive Functions

Processes by which an individual manages and copes Thinks, remembers, perceives and plans Self-construct is a combination of self as an object and self as a process

Self Concept: The I and Me

Self

is

the

core

of

ones

conscious

existence Awareness of self is referred to as ones Self-Concept Self-concept: Persons self perception as a

physical, social and spiritual being

Since we have a self-concept, we recognize ourselves as distinct human beings

Self Concept: The I and Me

Self concept would be impossible without the capacity to think - cognition Cognitions represent any knowledge, opinion or belief about the environment, about oneself or about ones behavior

Cognition plays a central role in social

perception and successful self-management

The Self Concept: Self Esteem

Self esteem

A belief about ones self worth based on an

overall self-evaluation
Feelings of self-esteem are shaped by our circumstances and how others treat us

The Self Concept: Self Efficacy

Self-efficacy is a persons belief about his or her chances of successfully accomplishing a specific task

Self-efficacy arises from the gradual

acquisition of complex cognitive, social,

linguistic and / or physical skills through

experience

The Self Concept: Self Efficacy

Childhood experiences have a powerful effect on a persons self-efficacy The relationship between self-efficacy and

performance is a cyclical one

The Self Concept: Self Efficacy

Efficacy refers to performance cycles

which can spiral upwards towards success

or downward toward failure

The Self Concept: Self Efficacy

Strong linkages found between high self efficacy expectations and success in
Widely varied physical and mental tasks

Anxiety reduction
Addiction control Pain tolerance Illness recovery and Avoidance of sea sickness in naval cadets

The Self Concept: Self Efficacy

Chronically low self-efficacy is

associated with a condition called

Learned Helplessness, the severely

debilitating belief that one has no control over ones environment

Development of Personality and Socialization Theories of Personality

The human personality is influenced by heredity, environment, maturation, and learning There are various physiological and psychological stages that have contributed to the development of human personality

Development of Personality and Socialization Theories of Personality

However, many modern psychologists are of the

opinion that personality development is a

continuous process and that the sequence

depends mainly on the learning opportunities available

Adult Life Stages

Levinson believed that there was little variability, say, a maximum of two to three years in the four identifiable stable periods

Adult Life Stages

Stepping into the adult world - between the ages 22

to 28 Settling down - between the ages 33 to 40

Stepping into middle adulthood - between the ages

45 to 50 Culmination of middle adulthood - between the ages 55 to 60

Halls Model on Career Stages

The first stage is the exploration stage The new employee seeks an identity Undergoes continuous self-examination and role tryouts

Halls Model on Career Stages

The second stage is the establishment stage

Where the employee begins to settle down and Experience a need for intimacy

Halls Model on Career Stages

The third stage is the maintenance stage Where the employee reaches a highly productive

plateau and
Feels the need to contribute something for the next generation

Halls Model on Career Stages

The last stage is the decline stage

Here the person experiences the need for integrity or The need to feel satisfied with ones career

Immaturity to Maturity (Argyris)

Argyris proposed that human personality moves along a continuum from immaturity as an infant to maturity as an adult Subordinate position

Lack of self-awareness

Immaturity to Maturity (Argyris)

Immaturity characteristics Passivity Dependence Few ways of behaving Shallow interests Short time perspective

Personality
Immaturity to Maturity (Chris Argyris )

Activity
Independence Diverse behavior

Personality
Immaturity to Maturity (Chris Argyris)
Deep interests Long time perspective Super ordinate position Self-awareness and control

Personality and Stress

Research based evidence infers that high and low stressed individuals differ in terms of their personality characteristics

That outer- directed individuals are more

adjusting and reality-oriented than innerdirected That personality characteristics are associated with stress generated diseases

Personality Tests

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire measures

extroversion, neuroticism (or emotional stability)

psychoticism

The 16 PF (Catell), measures 16 personality factors :

submissiveness (mild, humble, easily led, docile, accommodating); self-assurance (placid, serene,

secure, complacent); tender-mindedness (sensitive,

clinging, over-protected)

Personality Tests

The Occupational Preference Questionnaire measures 30 personality dimensions: caring, emotional contro,

forward planning among others