LECTURE 1: INTRODUCTION,

OVERVIEW, OBJECTIVES AND BRIDGE DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

Engr. Alberto C. Caete

Overview and Objectives

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Objectives:

To design and construct a bridge appropriate to connect two different Towns or Barangays or an access to help minimize traffic in such area.
To design a bridge that can be constructed with safety, serviceability, with due regards to issues of inspectability, economy and aesthetic for a specified life time.

To design and construct a bridge to give access to businesses, transportations and help establish business relationship between towns, etc.

Overview and Objectives

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Overviews:

Bridges are of different types. The bridge functions as a crossing way for a vehicle and even to people to cross over a river or creek and over another road. The bridge serves as connections between to areas or towns.
Bridges are categorized as flyover, left turning or right turning bridges, as pedestrian or the normal function as a crossing over a creek or a river or could a long multispan bridge to connect big cities like San Juanico.

Bridge Design Philosopies

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Bridges shall be designed for specified limit states to achieve the objectives mentioned. Regardless of the type of analysis used, the design limits shall be satisfied for all specified force effects and combinations. Service Limit State: This shall be taken as restrictions on stress, deformation and crack width under regular service conditions.

Bridge Design Philosopies

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Fatigue and Fracture Limit State Fatigue limit state shall be taken as restrictions on stress range as a result of a single design truck occurring at the number of expected stress range. Strength Limit State This shall be taken to ensure that strength and stability, both local and global are provided to resist the specified statistically significant load combinations that the bridge is expected to experience in its design life.

Bridge Design Philosopies

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Extreme Event Limit State This shall be taken to ensure the structural survival of a bridge during a major earthquake or flood or when collided by a vessel, vehicle or under scoured conditions. Ductility The structural system of a bridge shall be proportioned and detailed to ensure the development of visible and significant deformation at the strength and extreme event limit state before failure.

Terminologies
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1.

AASHTO - American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials. This is the standard specifications for highway bridges.

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2.

LFD - Load Factor Design. Commonly known as Ultimate Strength Design. A method based on the ultimate strength by inelastic action of conventionally reinforced or prestressed structural concrete cross-sections subject to simple bending, axial load, shear, bond, or combinations thereof.

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3.

LRFD - Load and Resistance Factor Design. A reliability based design methodology in which force effects caused by factored loads are not permitted to exceed the factored resistance of the components.

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4.

NSCP - National Structural Code of the Philippines. The bridge committee adopted the provisions of the AASHTO Standards specifications modified to suit the local conditions.

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5.

Limit State - A condition beyond which the bridge or component ceases to satisfy the provisions for which it was designed.

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6.

Horizontal Clearance bridges - The clear width between face of curbs. The design width of bridge roadway depends on the proposed number of lanes. The standard lane width as per AASHTO specifications or Policy on Geometric Design is 3.66 meters.

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7.

Ductility - Property of a component or connections that allows inelastic response.

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8.

Bridge - As described in the overview, this is a structure connecting two towns, barangays or subdivisions etc.

Jones Bridge

San Juanico Bridge

High Road Bridge, Illinois

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9.

Superstructure - Part of bridge where all the superimposed dead loads and live loads are first absorbed by all the parts of superstructure. The superstructure is from railings/rail post to girders.

Terminologies
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9.

Superstructure

Railings

Deck slab
Box girder

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10.

Substructure Part of bridge which supports the all the dead and live loads and stresses from the superstructure are transmitted or supported by the coping down to the columns or abutments to the foundations.

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10.

Substructure

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11.

Girders - A part of superstructure supporting the slab. It is a beam structure classified into different types depending on the length of spans proposed by the engineer.

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11.

Girders

Recommended Limits of Span of Different Superstructure for Simple Span Bridges according to DPWH Design Guidelines, Criteria and Standards Vol. II Timber trestle bridge 6.00 m Reinforced concrete flat slab Reinforced concrete deck girder (RCDG) Reinforced concrete box girder 6.00 m 8-21.00 m 22-30.00 m

Terminologies
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11.

Girders
11-13.40 m 15.80-18.90 m 9-42.68 m over 30.00 m

Prestressed Concrete Channel Beam Prestressed Concrete Tee Beam Prestressed Concrete I-Beam Prestressed Concrete Box Girders
Steel Bridges Composite I-Beam Steel Plate Girder Bailey Bridge Steel Truss Suspension Bridge

15-30.00 m 20-50.00 m 9-30.00 m 36.50-128.00 m 73.00 m and over

Terminologies
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11.

Girders AASHTO I-Beam Standard Sizes

Dimensions (mm) D1 D2 I 711 102 II 914 152 III 1143 178 IV 1372 203 V 1600 127 VI 1829 127

D3 0 0 0 0 76 76

D4 76 76 114 152 102 102

D5 127 152 191 229 254 254

D6 127 152 178 203 203 203

B1 305 305 406 508 1067 1067

B2 406 457 559 660 711 711

B3 152 152 178 203 203 203

B4 76 76 114 152 102 102

B5 0 0 0 0 330 330

B6 127 152 191 229 254 254

Terminologies
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12.

Railings/Rail post - Part of bridge to serve as protection of traffic and pedestrian. This is provided along the edges of structures. On rural areas bridge are provided with railings and sidewalks, on urban expressways a pedestrian walkway could be separated or omitted and can only have railings or barrier type.

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12.

Railings/Rail post

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12.

Railings/Rail post

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13.

Abutments for single & multi spans

- A bridge support at the beginning and end of a bridge. This could be a closed type abutment, A series of pile bents, A two column abutment.

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14.

Piers -

Are series of supports for multi-span bridges, where a fix or expansion supports are located. The piers could be a single column pier or a two column pier or a shaft wall pier or series of column- bored pile pier.

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14.

Piers

Pier support of the LRT Line 2. An example of Integral pier and pier cap

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14.

Piers

MRT (along EDSA) using two-column piers

Terminologies
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14.

Piers

Cantilever Pier

Terminologies
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14.

Piers

Column Bent or Open Bent

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14.

Piers

Two Column Bent joined by a web wall

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14.

Piers

Three column bent with collision wall

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14.

Piers

Main reinforcements of Column Bent with web wall

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14.

Piers

Secondary reinforcements of Column Bent with web wall

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14.

Piers

Main reinforcements of Cantilevered Pier

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14.

Piers

Primary reinforcement in Column Bents

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15.

Spans - These are the length or distances between supports. Spans measured between center to center of bearings or supports.

Terminologies
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15.

Spans

Forth Rail Bridge in Scotland

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There are many other terminologies which we will discuss as we go along with the succeeding lectures.