Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Spectroscopy
technique
Ultra-violet / visible
Movement of electrons to
higher energy levels
Ultra-violet / visible
spectroscopy
Infra-red
To vibrate bonds
Infra-red
spectroscopy
Microwaves
To rotate molecules
Microwave
spectroscopy
Radio waves
NMR spectroscopy
INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY
All bonds vibrate at a characteristic frequency.
Symmetric stretch
Assymmetric stretch
Bending
INFRA-RED SPECTROSCOPY
If IR light is passed through the compound, it will absorb some
or all of the light at the frequencies at which its bonds vibrate.
Wavenumbers (cm-1) are used as a measure of the wavelength
or frequency of the absorption.
Wavenumber =
1
wavelength (cm)
CH2
CH2
CH3
CH3
CH3
C
CH3
CH
CH3
cyclohexane
CH
cyclohexene
CH
butanal
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH
ethanoic acid
CH3
OH
propan-1-ol
CH3
CH2
OH
CH2
OH
butanal
O
CH3
CH2
CH2
C=O
propanone
CH3
CH3
C=O
ethanoic acid
CH3
C=O
methyl ethanoate
CH3
C=O
CH3
hex-1-ene
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
C=C
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
2-methylbut-2-ene
C=C
Exercise 1
Match the following eight compounds to the
following eight IR spectra.
hex-2-ene
butanal
pentane
butanoic acid
methylpropan-1-ol
propyl ethanoate
2-methylpentan-3-one
nitrobenzene
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
propyl ethanoate
O
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH3
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
C=O
35
30
C-O
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
2-methylpentan-3-one
CH3
CH3
CH
CH2
CH3
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
C=O
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
CH3
methylpropan-1-ol
CH3
CH CH2
OH
95
90
85
80
O-H
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
nitrobenzene
NO2
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
C-H
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
pentane
CH3
CH2
CH2
CH2
CH3
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
C-H
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
butanal
CH3
CH2
CH2
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
C-H
25
20
C=O
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
butanoic acid
CH3
CH2
CH2
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
O-H
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
hex-2-ene
CH3
CH
CH
CH2
CH2
CH3
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
C-H
C-H
40
35
C=C
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
9
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
10
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
11
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
F
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500
G
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
%T
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
Wavenumbers (cm-1)
1500
1000
500