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AGENDA
Safety moment
Basic petroleum geology Well construction basics The drilling rig Drilling a Well Animation
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Safety Moment
Video to show planning can make it possible
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During drilling rock characteristics and associated drilling conditions can change many times, therefore an understanding of the anticipated geology is essential for properly designing the well and then drilling it efficiently and safely.
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Types of Rocks
Non-Reservoir: Igneous: Rocks formed by solidification of hot mobile material called magma Metamorphic: Rocks formed by transformation of pre-existing igneous or sedimentary rocks as a result of high temperature and pressure Reservoir: Sedimentary: Rocks formed from accumulations of sediment which may consist of rock fragments of various sizes, the remains of animals and plants, the product of chemical action or evaporation, or a combination of these. Most petroleum reservoirs are found in sedimentary rocks, mainly sandstone, limestone and dolomite because they have porosity.
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Shale Sandstone Limestone Calcareous shale Anhydrite Argillaceous Limestone Quartz Conglomerate Clay Dolomite Lignite
Anticlinal Trap
(Impermeable)
Reservoir Rock
Potential Migration Route
Faults & Fractures Unconformities Salt Faces and Welds Porous and Permeable Beds
Source Rock
(Organic Rich)
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In the example above the source rock is connected to the reservoir by a fault (migration route). As hydrocarbons are expelled from the source they travel along permeable paths created by the fault. The oil will them migrate through the reservoir to the top of the structure due to buoyancy effects where they are trapped by the overlying impermeable formation (Top Seal)
24803
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Well Construction
Well construction is an engineering design process that starts with a clear understanding of the objectives to be achieved. As a minimum, the following data are required to commence the design and planning process Well depth Location land, offshore (water depth) Geology lithology, structural features, hazards, stability Formation Pressure profile Fracture Gradient profile Downhole target(s) vertical or directional well Type of well exploration, delineation, appraisal, development Evaluation requirements sampling, coring, logging, testing Type of fluid and anticipated flow rates
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Drilling Fluid
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Casing
Any given well requires several strings of casing, starting with the largest diameter pipe on top. Subsequent strings of casing are progressively smaller in diameter as they must pass through the inside of the previous casing. The diameter of the deepest casing is generally dictated by the size of the production tubing required for anticipated flow rates. The primary purpose of each casing string is to isolate one geological regime from the other and enable further drilling with full control of anticipated downhole pressure conditions of the next interval. An understanding of downhole pressure variations is essential for selecting the setting depth of each casing.
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Conductor
Surface
Intermediate
Production
Cement
Casing Support Zonal Isolation
Properly cemented casing prevents communication between zones of differing characteristics to enable drilling deeper
Low pressure loss zone
Casing bonded with formation rocks supports its own weight and load of surface equipment that is mounted on it
Cement
Casing Protection
Casing
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Milled Tooth
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Crown
Junk Slot
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Coring Bits
Cutters made from diamonds or PDC Various profiles depending on formation or rock properties Numerous sizes to accommodate rock recovery objectives
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Directional wells are deviated from Vertical (Straight) Directional wells are drilled with intention to control : inclination (angle) azimuth (direction). Think 3-D when Directional
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Horizontal
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Offshore:
Save Cost on Platforms Relief well in blowout situation Horizontal Extended Reach Multi-Lateral
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Hoisting System
CROWN BLOCK
Used for raising and lowering the drilling assembly, and for running casing, completion equipment and other tools in and out of the hole.
DERRICK
TRAVELING BLOCK
HOOK
FAST LINE
DEAD LINE
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Auxiliary Brake
Drawworks
Rig Floor
Rotary Table
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Drillers Console
Gauges read: Hook load Weight on bit Pump pressure Pump strokes Rotary speed Torque Mud volume Change in mud volume Return mud flow Alarms and limit switches can be set for critical measurements
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Rotating System
The Drill String acts as the connecting link with the bit
Rotating System
A hexagonal or square pipe, called Kelly, is connected to the topmost joint of the drill string. The rotary table and Kelly drive bushing impart rotation to the drill string while allowing it to be moved up or down.
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As an alternative to the Kelly and rotary table, most modern rigs employ a Top Drive system for rotating the drill string. A powerful electric or hydraulic motor is suspended from the travelling block.
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Circulating System
During drilling, fluid is continuously pumped down the drill string, through the bit, and up the annular space between the hole and the drill string. Its main purpose is to bring up the cuttings, cool the bit, maintain hole stability, and prevent formation fluids from entering the wellbore.
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Pulsation dampener
Suction tank
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Motor
Mud Pumps
Motor
Drillers Console
T.L.P.
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Platform Rig
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Jackup Rig
Well conductor
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Drill Ships
Inland Barge
Land
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Brazil Overview
Reserves shown in MMBOE Gross (Net) Frade Field
Guaran Prospect
BM-C-4
Frade
Roncador
Scale 100 km
Maromba
Papa-Terra
74 MMBOE
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Oliva
Atlanta
Brazil Reserves Overall 1.098 BBOE Gross 0.374 BBOE CVX Net
Frade Project
Development Overview
Drilling Program 3 Stratigraphic Wells 12 Horizontal Producers 7 Near Vertical Water Injectors FPSO Converted VLCC tanker 1.5 MM bbls storage Turret mooring w/ tandem offloading Topsides Design Capacities
100 kbpd 150 kbpd 130 kbpd 150 kbwpd 106 mmscfd
Capex
1st
Production
Nov-Dec 2008
30 Months Execution Phase Commenced Phase 4 2Q 2006 P50: 243 MMBO P90: 328 MMBO
Reserves
P1 : 88 MMBO
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Well Planning
Stratigraphic Wells
Detailed wireline logging program Extensive coring program Data used by reservoir engineers and geologists to
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MDS1
ESE
Top N580
MDS1
2000m
Basemap
Axial N570
N560
2500m
Oligocene N545_2
Azul
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TD 0 meters 500
Core Point
MUS2
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Well Planning
Injector Wells
Located on the periphery of the Frade field Used for injecting produced water to maintain
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ODI1
North
ODI1
2000m
Basemap
N570
Top N545_1
N560
Top N545_2
Oligocene 2500m
Azul
meters 500 TD
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ODI1
7 Injectors Max Deviation = 50o MUI1 MDI1 OUI1 MUI2 N5I1 OUI2
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Well Planning
Producer Wells
Produce Oil from Frade Field
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PGS_NearMid_11_20 PSDM07_10-20FinalStack
ODP1
Top N580
2000m
ODP1
Basemap
Axial N570 Lateral Section 1050m N560
2500m
Oligocene
Heel Azul
Toe
meters
1000
PSDM Depth
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PRODUCERS: Subsea Horizontal Well w/ Gas Lift & Open-Hole Horizontal Gravel Pack (OHHGP)
12 wells 800 m to 1100 m horizontal sections
RT to MSL - 25m Water Depth - 1050 - 1300 m 36" Casing (drill/jet) m TVD RT 60m BML m MD RT 60m BML 17-1/2" / 13-3/8" Int Csg m TVD RT 1780m BML m MD RT 1800m BML, varies by well 12-1/4" Hole / 9-5/8" Csg m TVD RT 2100-2350m m MD RT 2300-2600m 8-1/2" Hole / 5-1/2" 13Cr Screen m TVD RT Same as 9-5/8 Csg Point m MD RT 9-5/8 Csg Point + 800m to 1200m
Production Flowline
Subsea Wellhead
36 Casing
TRSCSSSV
20 Casing (Optional)
Control Lines 2 x 3/8 Chemical Injection 1 x 1/4 for P/T Sensor Cable 1 x 1/4 for for Variable Orifice Gas Lift Valve 2 x 1/4 SCSSV 1 x 3/8 Methanol injection Protectors, Encapsulation, & Flat-Packing to be Determined
800-1100 m 8-1/2" Hole
10-3/4 x 9 5/8 Casing 5-1/2" Premium Alloy Screen, 13Cr Base Pipe Gravel Packed
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FSV
S-706
3rd Generation Semi, built 1976 Extensive upgrade commenced In Singapore, schedule depart Dec 08 Commence operations Mar 09 5 year term (2-yr Ext. by Corporation) P10 rig available Oct 10 US $300k /day
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Chouest Vessels
PSV
TSV
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Norskan MSV
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TSV Photo
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MSV Photo
Large Crane for running Subsea Trees Heli-pad for helicopter landing
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Acknowledgements
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Buoyancy
Thrusters
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2,860 ft WD
A Deepwater production facility. Essentially this is a traditional production platform, mounted on a moored cylindrical column.
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http://www.fpso.net/
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