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Introduction AC Systems
AC options / combinations:
Air Conditioning (for comfort / machine) Split air conditioners VRV System in Group Housing etc. Fan coil units in a larger system Air handling units in a larger system Evaporating Cooling in a larger system
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Brine plants with brines as lower temperature, secondary coolant (>250 TR)
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Reference Handbooks/Standards
Introduction Reference Handbooks/Standards Type of refrigeration Applied Psychrometric Heat Load Calculation Air Duct Design Pressurization System Chilled/Condenser Water Piping Design Compressors Condensers & Evaporators Expansion Devices Cooling Tower Assessment of refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities
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Reference Handbooks/Standards
ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals ASHRAE Handbook of Refrigeration ASHRAE Handbook of Application ASHRAE Handbook of System & Equipments ASHRAE Standards 62.1 ASHRAE Standards 90.1 ISHRAE Weather Data Carrier Handbook NBC-2005 LEED-2009 NFPA-92A ECBC-2007 Heat and Mass Transfer SMACNA Standard Indian Standards
Types of Refrigeration
Introduction Reference Handbooks/Standards Types of refrigeration Applied Psychrometric Heat Load Calculation Air Duct Design Pressurization System Chilled/Condenser Water Piping Design Compressors Condensers & Evaporators Expansion Devices Cooling Tower Assessment of refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities
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1 Evaporator
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Types of Refrigeration
Low pressure liquid refrigerant in evaporator Vapour Compression absorbs heat and changes to a gas Refrigeration cycle
Condenser 4 Expansion Device Compressor
Refrigeration
3 High Pressure Side
1 Evaporator
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Types of Refrigeration
The superheated vapour enters the compressor Vapour Compression where its pressure is raised Refrigeration cycle
Condenser 4 Expansion Device Compressor
Refrigeration
3 High Pressure Side
1 Evaporator
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Types of Refrigeration
The high pressure superheated gas is cooled in several stages Vapour Compression in the condenser
Refrigeration
3 High Pressure Side
Refrigeration cycle
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Refrigerant-absorbent combinations for VARS
The desirable properties of refrigerant-absorbent mixtures for VARS are: i The refrigerant should exhibit high solubility with solution in the absorber. This is to say that it should exhibit negative deviation from Raoults law at absorber. ii. There should be large difference in the boiling points of refrigerant and absorbent (greater than 200 oC), so that only refrigerant is boiled-off in the generator. This ensures that only pure refrigerant circulates through refrigerant circuit (condenser-expansion valve-evaporator) leading to isothermal heat transfer in evaporator and condenser.
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Types of Refrigeration
iii. It should exhibit small heat of mixing so that a high COP can be achieved. However, this requirement contradicts the first requirement. Hence, in practice a trade-off is required between solubility and heat of mixing. The refrigerant-absorbent mixture should have high thermal conductivity and low viscosity for high performance. It should not undergo crystallization or solidification inside the system.
iv.
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vi. The mixture should be safe, chemically stable, noncorrosive, inexpensive and should be available easily.
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Types of Refrigeration
The most commonly used refrigerant-absorbent pairs in commercial systems are: 1. Water-Lithium Bromide (H2O-LiBr) system for above 0oC applications such as air conditioning. Here water is the refrigerant and lithium bromide is the absorbent. 2. Ammonia-Water (NH3-H2O) system for refrigeration applications with ammonia as refrigerant and water as absorbent. Of late efforts are being made to develop other refrigerantabsorbent systems using both natural and synthetic refrigerants to overcome some of the limitations of (H 2O-LiBr) and (NH3-H2 O) systems. Currently, large water-lithium bromide (H2O-LiBr) systems are extensively used in air conditioning applications, where as large ammonia-water (NH3-H2O) systems are used in refrigeration applications, while small ammonia-water systems with a third inert gas are used in a pumpless form in small domestic refrigerators (triple fluid vapour absorption systems).
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Hot Air
Cold Air
Applied Psychrometric
Introduction Reference Handbooks/Standards Type of refrigeration Applied Psychrometric Heat Load Calculation Air Duct Design Pressurization System Chilled/Condenser Water Piping Design Compressors Condensers & Evaporators Expansion Devices Cooling Tower Assessment of refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities
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mixture of short and long runs, the shortest run requires considerable dampering. Such a system is difficult to balance since the equal friction method makes no provision for equalizing pressure drops in branches of for providing the same static pressure behind each air terminal.
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Pressurization System
Introduction Reference Handbooks/Standards Type of refrigeration Applied Psychrometric Heat Load Calculation Air Duct Design Pressurization System Chilled/Condenser Water Piping Design Compressors Condensers & Evaporators Expansion Devices Cooling Tower Assessment of refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities
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Pressurization System
STAIRCASE PRESSURIZATION CALCULATION FOR BASEMENT PART - A BASEMENT TO GROUND FLOOR)
Q1 Q1 A P Kf No. of Floors No. of Doors Door Size Gap Between door and Frame/Floor = = = = = = = = = = Area of Leakage Between Door & Frame = = = = 2 x H x gap (side) + 1 x W x gap (Top) + 1 x W x gap (Bottom ) 2 x 2.1 x 6/1000 + 1 x 1.2 x 6/1000 + 1 x 1.2 x 15/1000 0.0252 + 0.0072 + 0.018 0.0504 Sq. M. Kf A P Air Leakage in Cu. M./ Sec. Area of Leakage in Sq.M. Pressure Difference in Pascal ( 50 Pa) Coefficient 0.839 Basement to Ground Floor = 2 2 1.2 M x 2.1 M 6 mm at Top and on side 15 mm at Bottom
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Pressurization System
Area of Leakage in Closed Condition/Door Total Leakage Area for 2 No. Doors
= = =
0.0504 Sq. M. 0.0504 x 2 0.10 Sq.M. 0.839 x 0.10 x 50 0.60 Cu. M/Sec. 1270 CFM
Q1
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Leakage of Air Thru 2 No. Open Door ( 1 No. at affected floor + 1 No. at Exit to Building ) Q2 = = = = Total Required Air Quantity = = = Area of Doors x Velocity 2.1 x 1.2 x2 No. x 1.0 M/sec. 5.04 Cu. M./Sec 10671 CFM Q1 + Q2 1270 + 10671 11941 CFM
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Pressurization System
LIFT WELL PRESSURIZATION CALCULATION TOWER T1 (G+13)- 5 Nos.
Q Q A P Kf No. of Floors No. of Doors Door Size Area of Leakage Between Lift Door & Wall/ Door = = = = = = = = = = = Q = = = Fan Capacity for Two Lift Well = = Say 1 No. 26500 CFM DIDW Centrifugal Fan Section For Fresh Air Supply = Kf A P Air Leakage in Cu. M./ Sec. Area of Leakage in Sq.M. Pressure Difference in Pascal ( 50 Pa) Coefficient 0.839 Lower Basement (Part-A) to 13th Floor = 16 16 2.1 M x 1.2 M 0.065 Sq. M. 0.065 x 16 1.04 Sq.M. 0.839 x 1.04 x 50 6.17 Cu. M/Sec. 13063 CFM 13063x2 26126 CFM 26500 CFM
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Compressors
Introduction Reference Handbooks/Standards Type of refrigeration Applied Psychrometric Heat Load Calculation Air Duct Design Pressurization System Chilled/Condenser Water Piping Design Compressors Condensers & Evaporators Expansion Devices Cooling Tower Assessment of refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities
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Expansion Devices
Introduction Reference Handbooks/Standards Type of refrigeration Applied Psychrometric Heat Load Calculation Air Duct Design Pressurization System Chilled/Condenser Water Piping Design Compressors Condensers & Evaporators Expansion Devices Cooling Tower Assessment of refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities
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Cooling Tower
Introduction Reference Handbooks/Standards Type of refrigeration Applied Psychrometric Heat Load Calculation Air Duct Design Pressurization System Chilled/Condenser Water Piping Design Compressors Condensers & Evaporators Expansion Devices Cooling Tower Assessment of Refrigeration and AC Energy efficiency opportunities
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TR is assessed as:
TR = Q x Cp x (Ti To) / 3024
Q= Cp = Ti = To = mass flow rate of coolant in kg/hr is coolant specific heat in kCal /kg deg C inlet, temperature of coolant to evaporator (chiller) in 0C outlet temperature of coolant from evaporator (chiller) in 0C
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Calculate TR
Refrigeration Capacity*(tons)
67.58 56.07 45.98 37.20 23.12
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b. Cascade
Preferred for -46 oC to -101oC Two systems with different refrigerants
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Speed control
Reciprocating compressors: ensure lubrication system is not affected Centrifugal compressors: >50% of capacity
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Flow control
Reduced flow Operation at normal flow with shut-off periods
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