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SETS

The concept and properties of sets are often used in Mathematics and the basic notion of sets was first considered by Georg Cantor . The use of sets is one unifying idea that unites all the branches of Mathematics

It is definitely common for us to use the concept of set in everyday experience. A set of kitchenwares A set of uniforms A set of textbooks A set of dishes In mathematics, you are familiar with the following: set of real numbers A set of solutions for an equation A set of polygons

OBJECTIVES: define sets determine whether a set is welldefined or not describe or represent sets identify the different kinds of sets

W H AT I S A S E T ?
A set is a well defined collection of

objects. These objects are called ELEMENTS or MEMBERS of the set. A well defined set means that it is possible for us to determine whether an object belongs to a given set or not.

Consider the following. State whether each is a well-defined set or not.

Not well-defined 1. Not well-defined 2. Well-defined

3. 4.

Well-defined

Not well-defined 5.

The set of happy people The set of enjoyable subjects in high school The set of even counting numbers The set of prime numbers The set of honest students in the class

S E T N O TAT I O N S

Capital letters such as A, B, C, D, and E are used to denote sets. Lowercase letters such as a, b, c, d, and e denote the elements of a set.

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} a=1 b=6 aA (a is an element of set A)

bA (b is not an element of A)

WAYS OF DESCRIBING A SET

1. -

Roster notation or listing method A set is described by enumerating or listing the elements. Each distinct element is listed ONCE Separated by commas Enclosed by braces The order does not matter

Examples:
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s} C = {moon} D = {3, 6, 9, 12, }
Note:

If a set contains many elements, we often use three dots, , called ELLIPSIS, to indicate that there are elements in the set that have not been written down.

2. Verbal description method

- We are describing the elements of the set by descriptive phrases and emphasizing that those and only those are elements of the given set. A = {counting numbers less than 6} A is the set of counting numbers less than 6. B = { letters in the word mathematics} C = {earths natural satellite} D = {positive multiples of 3}

- This method gives the rule that determines whether an object is an element of the set or not. - written as {x|x is ___________} A = {x|x is a counting number less than 6} read as A is the set of all xs such that x is a counting number less than 6 B = {x|x is a letter in the word mathematics} C = {x|x is earths natural satellite} D = {x|x is a positive multiple of 3}

3. Set Builder Notation

A = {a, e, i, o, u}
A = {vowels in the English alphabet} or A is the set of vowels in the English alphabet. A = {x | x is a vowel in the English alphabet}

Exercises:
Represent the following using roster notation. 1. S is the set of senators who voted for CJs acquittal. S = {Arroyo, Defensor-Santiago, Marcos} 2. C is the set of whole numbers. C = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, } 3. A is the set of prime numbers between 5 and 10. A = (7}
A.

Exercises:
Write a verbal description for each of the following sets. 1. A = {Jose Rizal} A = {Philippines national hero} 2. B= {4, 8, 12, 16, , 96} B = {positive multiples of 4 that is less than 100} 3. C = {11, 13, 15, 17, 19} C = { odd numbers between 10 and 20}
B.

Exercises:
C. Describe the following sets using set builder notation. 1. D = {s, e, t} D = {x | x is a letter in the word set} 2. E = {Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, , Sunday} E = {x | x is a day in a week} 3. F is the set of counting numbers. F = {x | x is a counting number}

KINDS OF SETS ACCORDING TO SIZE

Finite set Unit Set Infinite Set Empty or Null Set

Finite Set
A set with limited number of elements Examples: 1. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} 2. B = {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s} 3. C = {x | x is a planet in the solar system}

Cardinality of a set -refers to the number of element/s of a given set - n(A) = 5, n(B) = 8, n(C) = 8

Unit Set
A set with only ONE element Examples: `1. C = {moon} n(C) = 1 2. D = {x | x is an even prime number} D = { 2} n(D) = 1

Infinite Set

A set that has unlimited elements

Examples: 1. D = {3, 6, 9, 12, } 2. = {, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, } 3. E ={x | x is a whole number greater than 10}

Empty or Null Set

A set with no element Denoted by { } or

--- {} is not an empty set because it has one element and that is . Examples: 1. A is the set of even numbers between 10 and 12. n(A) = 0 2. B is the set of odd numbers divisible by 2. n(B) = 0

Exercise
Determine whether the set is finite, infinite, unit, or empty. Give its cardinal number. 1. R is the set of real numbers. 2. B is the set of numbers less than one million. 3. M = {x | x is a month in a year} 4. O = {x | x is an odd number divisible by 2} 5. S = {present senators of the Philippines}

Infinite
Unit ; n(B) = 1 Finite; n(M) = 12 Empty; n(O) = 0

1.
2.

3. 4.

Finite; n(S) = 23

5.

R is the set of real numbers. B = {x | x is a composite number less than 6} M = {x | x is a month in a year} O = {x | x is an odd number divisible by 2} S = {present senators of the Philippines}

Assignment:
Study about the following terms.

Describe and illustrate by giving two examples for each. Equal sets Equivalent sets Disjoint sets Joint sets Subsets

1.
2. 3.

4.
5.