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1 Understanding that humans have basic needs Give energy Grow Stay healthy Food Air To breathe
1.2 Understanding that animals have basic needs Give energy Grow Stay healthy Food Air To breathe
Types : holes cave nest beehive Shelter To protect from danger extreme weather sun & rain
Air
Water
Sunlight
Reproduce
A process to produce Their young or offspring
Defecate
Faeces
Tongue - Taste
Ears - Sound Skin - Touch
2.2 Being aware that certain behaviour can disturb life processes
Drinking Alcohol
Taking Drug
Excrete
Defecate
Breathing
Reproduce
Organs
Lay Eggs
butterfly
bird
Give Birth
cat tiger bat whale
Lungs monkey
bird whale
Gills fish
prawn
Lungs-book crab
Science Year 4 INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS 2. Living Things Undergo Life Processes plants respond to stimuli. water, sunlight, touch, gravity.
Roots
Roots
plants reproduce.
Seeds balsam, corn, durian Spores fern, mushroom Suckers banana, pineapple Stem cutting hibiscus, rose, tapioca Leaves bryophyllum, begonia Stem potato, onion, ginger and lily
The special characteristics and behaviour of animals help to protect them from danger.
Thick and hard skin To prevent their enemies from injuring Hard shell Snails and tortoise retract their head And legs into the shell when the are Attacked by enemies
Sharp claws To protect themselves and their Young from the enemies- lion ,cat, Bears, and eagle. Pretend to dead To trick their enemies e.g.: beetle
Hard scales Pangolins and crocodiles have hard scales To protect their bodies from injuries
Spines Raise the sharp spines when the enemies Advance towards them Horns Use their horn to attack enemies.
Camouflage Has body colour or patterns that that are Similar to the surrounding Spray black ink Dark surrounding helps the animal not to been seen by enemies e.g: octopus, squid Poisonous sting or fangs Can hurt and kill enemies-e.g..: scorpion, centipede snake , bee.
3.2/3.3 Animals have specific characteristics and behaviour to protect themselves from extreme weather and survive
specific characteristics and behavior of animals that protect them from very hot and cold weather. Hot weather
how specific characteristics and behavior of animals help to protect them from very hot or cold weather. Cold weather
Thick Fur Polar bears have thick fur to prevent the body From losing heat to cold surroundings. Fat Layers Under The Skins Penguins, seals, and whales have fat layers under their skin to keep their bodies warm Small Ears Seals and Walruses have small ears to prevent Heat loss from their bodies. Hibernate Polar bears hibernates during extreme cold Weather
Wrinkled Skin Elephant ,hippopotamuses and buffaloes lose body heat through wrinkled skins Wallowing Elephant, hippopotamuses and buffaloes keep their body cool by wallowing in mud holes
Humps Camels store food and water in the form Of fats in the humps on their back.
Produces latex
3.5 Plants have specific characteristics to protect themselves from dry region and strong wind
dry region
strong wind
Eg : cactus
a. b. c.
Long roots to absorb water Succulent stem can store water Thorn can can prevent the excessive loss of water
a. b. c. d.
Have stems that bend easily Have buttress roots Have separated leaves Needle- shaped leaves
1.2 Area
Volume
1.1 Length
MEASUREMENT
1.5 Mass
1.6 Time
Terminology
- The distance between two points/place/position
Measuring tape
String
Ways to measure
Ruler
1.1Length
Correct technique
- The eye must be directly above the end of object
Standard Tools
Measuring tape
Ruler
Unit
mm cm m km
Terminology
1.2 Area
Standard unit
- Square millimetre (mm2) - Square centimetre (cm2) - Square metre (m2) - Square kilometre (km2)
- Using formula - by placing uniform objects such as tiles, books and stamps on the surface of the objects
2cm 4cm
measuring cylinder
Formula
Volume
1.3 Solid
Correct technique Standard Units mm3, cm3, m3 a) taking the reading at the lowest part of the meniscus. b) eyes must be at the same level as the lowest part of the meniscus ml, l
Terminology
- Amount of matter in an object
Correct technique
1.5 Mass
Electronic balance Simple balance
Tools
Bathroom scale
Standard unit
Beam balance
Kitchen scale
Lever balance
mg
kg
Terminology
Standard unit
1.6 Time
- Duration between two event - Second , minute , hour
Events can be used measuring time Old clock -Swinging pendulum -Pulse rate candle - Sundial , sand clock , candle clock -water dripping -Changing day and night
Investigating Materials
metal
carbon
glass
plastics
wood
Conduct electricity
Insulator
Float on water
Sink in water
Can be stretch
conduct heat
wood
stone
rubber ring
metal
hot thing
cold thing
cheap
easy to get
strength
good quality
plastics
synthetic cloth
natural materials
rubber
glass
Man-made materials
reducing
reusing
recycling
public transport
plastic bag
bottle
plastics
glass
1.6
*oil
*grease
*Conclusion; Rusting can be avoided by preventing iron contact with air and water.
RUSTY OBJECTS
List of constituents
the Earth the Sun 1 Size of the Sun relative to the size of the Earth. 100
the Earth 1
the Moon 4
1.2 The relative size and distance between the Earth, the Moon and the Sun
The relative distance from the Earth to the Sun compared to the relative distance from the Earth to the Moon.
the Earth
the Sun 150 000 000 km 1 :
The nearer a planet to the Sun is, the hotter is the surface of the planet . The farther a planet from the Sun is, the colder is the surface of the planet. Do not have enough air and water.
Much nearer : The temperature on the Earth would rise. Water on Earth would evaporate. No water and the temperature would be very hot. Much farther : The temperature on the Earth would drop. Water would freeze into ice. All living things would die.
1.3 Appreciating the perfect placement of the planet Earth in the Solar System
Why certain planets are not conducive for living things.
The Earth is the only planet in the Solar System that has living things.
EFFECT
Earth is the third planet from the Sun, it receives enough light and heat from the Sun. It is not too hot or too cold. The atmosphere of the Earth contains air and there is water on Earth.
INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY
Examples of human limitations are Unable to see fine objects Unable to speak loud Unable to walk for long distance Unable to see far away objects
Microscope - The usage of lens to see fine features of objects and microbes Microphone -To increase the voice volume Telephone -To communicate from long distance Bicycle, motorcycle, airplanes -Can travel long distance in a shorter time Telescope, binocular - To see far away objects
TECHNOLOGY
1.2
Understanding The Development Of Technology
Agriculture
e.g.:
hoe plough tractor
Examples
Air: hot air balloon airship glider aeroplane Water: canoe raft sampan ferry ship Communication Drawing carrier pigeon
Telephone
TECHNOLOGY
lever
Advantages of Technology
Disadvantages of Technology
Communication Enable human to learn more about things happening around the world Transportation Enable human to travel far away places in shorter time Agriculture Machines make it easier to plants and harvest their crops Construction Roads, highways, bridges and building is easier and faster to build
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Virus
Characteristics
Breathe
Move
Grow
1.1 Understanding that some microorganism are harmful and some are useful
Useful
Harmful
Prevention
Washing hand
Can cause
Disease
Stomach upset Measles/cough
Drink boiled water Covering mouth & nose when coughing & sneezing
Illness
2.3 Importance
Agents of dispersal
Special characteristic
Examples
Light
Coconut
Water
Lily
Light
Wind
Explosive mechanism
Brightly coloured
Animal
Producer
Consumer
All living things need food to survive. Green plant can make their own food. However animals cannot make their own make their own food.
Green plant obtain energy from the sun to make food. Green Plant as a producer
Herbivore : Animals that eat plants only. e.g.: cow, goat, deer
The food relationship among living things can be shown by a food chain.
Carnivore: Animals that eat other animals. e.g.: tiger, lion To construct food chain It must start with plant as a producer.
Food web
What will happen If there is a change in population of a certain species in a food web
A change in the population of a certain species will effect the population of other species
garden
They will face difficulty to survive if the source of food runs out
Paddy field
1 Energy
2 Electricity
3 Light
4 Heat
ENERGY
Water
- moving or falling water produce energy
Sun
- main source of energy - produces light and heat
Wind
- Moving air - Used to pump water, drive small sawmills
- food contains
stored energy
Sound energy
Form of energy
Potential energy
ENERGY
Energy can be transformed
a) Electric iron Electrical energy heat energy b) Radio Electrical energy sound energy c) Television Electrical energy sound energy + light energy
Renewable energy
ENERGY
1.3 Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
Non-renewable energy
Reduce pollution
Electricity
Sources
Danger of mishandling electrical appliances Fire Burn Electrocution Parallel circuit Type of circuit
Accumulator
Series circuit
Name
Dry cell Connecting wire Switch The bulbs in the parallel circuit is brighter than the bulbs in the series circuit Bulb
Symbol
Differences
Light
Travel in a straight line Can be reflected How ? The light that falls on objects bounces off the objects and comes to your eyes mirror
Opaque object
Periscope
Kaleidoscope
Light
Shadow form
Heat
Gain Loss
Warmer Cooler
Investigating Materials
wood
water
milk
air
solid
stone
liquid
gas
steam
examples
Properties of solid
Properties of liquid
Properties of gas
has mass
has mass
fixed volume
no fixed shape
no fixed volume
no fixed shape
(Takes the shape of the container)
can be compressed
solid
liquid
melting
boiling
liquid gas
evaporation
*Affected by windy and hot weather *Takes place at the surface of the liquid at room temperature
gas
liquid
condensation
liquid solid
freezing
condensation evaporation
Importance of water.
sea
Circulation of water in the environment. Changes in the states of matter in the water cycle Gas liquid (Condensation) Liquid gas (evaporation) Droplets of water will become bigger and heavier rain
To prevent living aquatic from being destroyed and undergoing extinction To avoid infected diseases
Ways to keep our water resources clean Keep the rivers clean Cleanliness campaign
Identify acidic, alkaline and neutral substances using litmus paper. Changes in colour of litmus papers blue to red red to blue
bitter
sour
acidic
no change neutral
alkaline
planting
harvesting desert
Constellation
Indicates Seasons
Importance of constellation
Show directions
sea
What constellation is
Southern Cross
Identify constellation
Scorpion
south
Orion
South April June
Big dipper
Hunter
North
2.1 The movements of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun
The earth rotates on its axis from west to east
Earth rotates and at the same time moves around the sun
The Moon and The changes the Earth move in length and position round the Sun at of the shadow the same time throughout the day
night-time
daytime
Sun Earth
It is day time for the part of the Earth facing the Sun.
It is night time for the part of the Earth facing away from the Sun.
2.2 The occurrence of day and night axis Day and night occur due to the rotation of the Earth on its axis.
west
east
Describe the phases of the moon The Moon Does Not Emit Light
INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY
Cylinder
Sphere
Cube
Cuboid
Cylinder
Sphere
Pyramid
Cone
Base area
(Bigger base area more stable)
Strength
Height
(Lower object more stable)
Types of materials
1.1 Animals
Some live in groups (Animals that live together) Some live in solitary (Animals that live by themselves)
zebra
bees
ants
giraffes
snake
cat
lizard
tiger
Sunlight Water
Reason
Limited sunlight can reach them Limited water resources Limited space Limited nutrient
Space Nutrient
Factors for compete
Plants
Animals
Factors for compete
Limited food resources Limited water resources Trying to get mate to breed Defending or looking for shelter
Space
Dodo bird Dinosaur Auk bird Desert rat kangaroo Mammoth Quagga Tasmanian wolf
Endangered animal
1.3 Understanding the responsibility of human beings in protecting endangered species
Illegal Hunting Elephant Tusk Tiger Skin & Bone Blue Whale Fat Giant Panda Fur Rhinoceros - Horn
Excessive development Water & air Pollution Many habitat has destroyed Extreme Weather Long dry season Flood Forest fire
Illegal Logging Human cut trees Forest clearing The destruction of habitat
The Lost of habitat The lose of raw material &food supplies Climate changes The rise in temperature on earth Extinction of endangered species The balance in nature is disturbed The loss of the Earths natural water basin
Extinction of endangered species Air & water Pollution Water Pollution Flash flood
1.Force
2.Movement
D E F I N I T I O N
Effects
Push an action of moving an object away
FORCE
Friction
Definition Effects Reduce -Lubricant :oil, wax, grease or water -Air cushion -Talcum powder -Roller marbles Advantages/Disadvantages
-Force that apposes the movement of an object. -Two surfaces occurs rub against each other
-Surfaces warm. -Difficult to move -Wear and tear. -Slow down and stop
Advantages 1. Hold thing 2. Walk without slipping 3. Sharpen a knife 4. Slow down moving Disadvantages 1. Worn out the shoes / tyre 2. Produce heat
-Ball bearing
Conclusion
an object which moves faster travels a longer distance in a given time an object which move faster takes a shorter time travel a given distance
Definition
Movement
Speed
Calculation
Formula Speed = distance / time
INVESTIGATING MATERIALS
Food that has turned bad and is not suitable to be eaten What is spoilt food Condition for microbes to grow
Bacteria
Fungus
Example :
fish, prawn, fruits
Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow without water
Example :
Eggs, water Reason : Boiled will killed bacteria and fungi
Example :
eggs, vegetables, fruits Reason : Cold temperature slow down the growth of bacteria and fungi
Example :
Biscuits, crackers,
Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow without water
Drying
Boiling
Cooling
Waxing
Reason : Slow down the loss of water Example : Fruits
Reason : Prevents the growth of bacteria and fungi Example : Fruits, chili, fish
Smoking
Reason : Dry the food Example : Fish, meat
Salting
Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow in very salt substances Example : Fish, eggs
Pasteurising
Reason : Destroy microoganism Example : Milk, yogurt
Bottling/ canning
Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot grow without air Example : Meat, fish, fruits
Freezing
Reason : Bacteria and fungi cannot active at a very low temperature Example : Fish, meat
Easier to store
The improper ways disposal Open burning Littering Chanelling- waste factories into river Releasing smoke and dangerous gasses The proper disposal ways Treat waste water Keep environment and home clean Reuse and recycle rubbish and waste Reduce car Build factories far from home
Smoke dissolved form weak acid Kills plants & fish Destroys building & bridges
Rubbish thrown in rivers or drain Cause flash-floods & water over flow Kill plants & animals in the river Open burning Cause asthma & eye irritation Air pollution Disease Cause by eating polluted fish and plants
Sources of wastes From agricultural activities From vehicles and open burning Toxic materials Rubbish
Waste that decay Paper Wood Food Meat Disadvantages of waste decaying Give out poisonous gas Unpleasant smell
What will happen if waste do not decay Animal extinction Habitats destruction Spoil natural beauty Change Climate
Advantages of waste decaying Return nutrient to soil Prevent rubbish from accumulate
The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are positioned in a straight line
Earth
Sun
Moon
The Earths shadow is formed on the Moon surface and cause an eclipse of the Moon
The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are positioned in a straight line
Earth
SUN
Moon
The place that experienced full eclipse is completely dark during the day time
INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY
A device that allows us to use less force to make work easier or faster
-To carry or move heavy objects
- e.g. hammer , spoon , scissor -To lift heavy objects easier e.g. stairs , slanting wooden plank -To carry to move heavy objects easily
e.g screw driver , car spanner -To carry or lift objects to a higher place -e.g flag pole , crane
SCREW GEAR
-Gear in a watch
Help us travel from one place to another. Work in the fields is made easier and productivity of agricultural product is raised. Construction work is made easier and can be completed faster. Help to move heavy things.
Will not be able to travel from one place to another faraway place.