Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Chapter 4
Many reactions involve ionic compounds, especially reactions in water aqueous
solutions.
KMnO4 in water
K+(aq) + MnO4-(aq)
Aqueous Solutions
How do we know ions are present in aqueous solutions?
electricity!
ELECTROLYTES
strong electrolytes.
They dissociate completely (or nearly so) into ions.
HCl, MgCl2, and NaCl are strong electrolytes. They dissociate completely (or nearly so) into ions.
Aqueous Solutions
Aqueous Solutions
Acetic acid ionizes only to a small extent, so it is a weak electrolyte.
Aqueous Solutions
Acetic acid ionizes only to a small extent, so it is a weak
electrolyte.
CH3CO2H(aq) --->
CH3CO2-(aq) + H+(aq)
Aqueous Solutions
Some compounds dissolve in water but do not conduct electricity. They are called nonelectrolytes. Examples include: sugar ethanol ethylene glycol
If one ion from the Soluble Compd. list is present in a compound, the compound is water soluble.
(3)
(4)
(6)
(5)
Screenof 5.4 & Figure 5.1 Guidelines to predict the solubility ionic compounds
ACIDS
An acid -------> H+ in water
10
Some strong acids are HCl H2SO4 HClO4 HNO3 hydrochloric sulfuric perchloric nitric
HNO3
ACIDS
An acid -------> H+ in water
HCl(aq) ---> H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
11
12
Cl-
H 2O
hydronium ion
H 3O+
Weak Acids
WEAK ACIDS = weak electrolytes CH3CO2H acetic acid H2CO3 carbonic acid H3PO4 phosphoric acid HF hydrofluoric acid
13
Acetic acid
ACIDS
Nonmetal oxides can be acids CO2(aq) + H2O(liq) ---> H2CO3(aq) SO3(aq) + H2O(liq) ---> H2SO4(aq) and can come from burning coal and oil.
14
BASES
see Screen 5.9 and Table 5.2
15
Ammonia, NH3
16
An Important Base
BASES
Metal oxides are bases CaO(s) + H2O(liq) --> Ca(OH)2(aq)
17
18
19
20
IONIC EQUATION
21
We will look at
EXCHANGE REACTIONS
AY + BX
AX + BY
Precipitation Reactions
The driving force is the formation of an insoluble compound a precipitate.
22
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) -----> 2 KNO3(aq) + PbI2(s) Net ionic equation Pb2+(aq) + 2 I-(aq) ---> PbI2(s)
Acid-Base Reactions
The driving force is the formation of water. NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ---> NaCl(aq) + H2O(liq) Net ionic equation OH-(aq) + H+(aq) ---> H2O(liq)
23
Acid-Base Reactions
A-B reactions are sometimes called
24
Gas-Forming Reactions
This is primarily the chemistry of metal carbonates. CO2 and water ---> H2CO3 H2CO3(aq) + Ca2+ ---> 2 H+(aq) + CaCO3(s) (limestone)
25
26
Gas-Forming Reactions
CaCO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) ---> 2 CaSO4(s) + H2CO3(aq) Carbonic acid is unstable and forms CO2 & H2O H2CO3(aq) ---> CO2 (g) + water
(Antacid tablet has citric acid + NaHCO3)
27
28
Terminology
In solution we need to define the SOLVENT the component whose physical state is preserved when solution forms SOLUTE the other solution component
29
30
Concentration of Solute
The amount of solute in a solution is given by its concentration.
Molarity (M) =
Concentration (M) = [ ]
31
PROBLEM: Dissolve 5.00 g of NiCl26 H2O in enough water to make 250 mL of solution. Calculate molarity. Step 1: Calculate moles of NiCl26H2O
1 mol 5.00 g = 0.0210 mol 237.7 g
32
Cu2+(aq) + 2 Cl-(aq)
33
USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M solution? Because Conc (M) = moles/volume = mol/V this means that
moles = MV
USING MOLARITY
What mass of oxalic acid, H2C2O4, is required to make 250. mL of a 0.0500 M solution?
34
moles = MV
Step 1: Calculate moles of acid required. (0.0500 mol/L)(0.250 L) = 0.0125 mol Step 2: Calculate mass of acid required. (0.0125 mol )(90.00 g/mol) =
1.13 g
35
Preparing Solutions
Weigh out a solid solute and dissolve in a given quantity of solvent.
36
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do? Add water to the 3.0 M solution to lower its concentration to 0.50 M
37
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do?
38
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do? How much water is added?
The important point is that --->
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do?
Amount of NaOH in original solution =
39
MV
(3.0 mol/L)(0.050 L) = 0.15 mol NaOH Amount of NaOH in final solution must also = 0.15 mol NaOH 0.15/Volume of final solution = 0.5 M/ 1 L Volume of final solution =
300 mL
PROBLEM: You have 50.0 mL of 3.0 M NaOH and you want 0.50 M NaOH. What do you do?
40
Conclusion:
41
42
43
pH < 7 pH = 7 pH > 7
[H+] and pH
If the [H+] of soda is 1.6 x 10-3 M, the pH is ____? Because pH = - log [H+] then pH= - log (1.6 x 10-3)
44
pH = - (-2.80)
pH = 2.80
Whats the origin of the name of the soda 7up ?
45
Oxalic acid,
H2C2O4
46
Titration
1. Add solution from the buret. 2. Reagent (base) reacts with compound (acid) in solution in the flask. 3. Indicator shows when exact stoichiometric reaction has occurred. 4. Net ionic equation H+ + OH- --> H2O 5. At equivalence point moles H+ = moles OH-
47
LAB PROBLEM #1: Standardize a solution of NaOH i.e., accurately determine its concentration.
1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires 35.62 mL of NaOH for titration to an equivalence point. What is the concentration of the NaOH?
48
49
1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires 35.62 mL of NaOH for titration to an equivalence point. What is the concentration of the NaOH? Step 1: Calculate amount of H2C2O4
50
1.065 g of H2C2O4 (oxalic acid) requires 35.62 mL of NaOH for titration to an equivalence point. What is the concentration of the NaOH?
Step 1: Calculate amount of H2C2O4 = 0.0118 mol acid Step 2: Calculate amount of NaOH reqd = 0.0236 mol NaOH
[NaOH] = 0.663 M
51
LAB PROBLEM #2: Use standardized NaOH to determine the amount of an acid in an unknown.
Apples contain malic acid, C4H6O5. C4H6O5(aq) + 2 NaOH(aq) ---> Na2C4H4O5(aq) + 2 H2O(liq) 76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration. What is weight % of malic acid?
52
76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration. What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 1: CV = = Step 2: Calculate amount of NaOH used. (0.663 M)(0.03456 L) 0.0229 mol NaOH Calculate amount of acid titrated.
53
76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration. What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 1: = Step 2: = Calculate amount of NaOH used. 0.0229 mol NaOH Calculate amount of acid titrated 0.0115 mol acid
54
76.80 g of apple requires 34.56 mL of 0.663 M NaOH for titration. What is weight % of malic acid?
Step 1: = Step 2: = Step 3: = Calculate amount of NaOH used. 0.0229 mol NaOH Calculate amount of acid titrated 0.0115 mol acid Calculate mass of acid titrated. 1.54 g acid
1.54 g 100% = 2.01% 76.80 g
pH and [H+]
If the pH of Coke is 3.12, it is ____________. Because pH = - log [H+] then
55
log [H+] = - pH
Take antilog and get
[H+] = 10-pH
[H+] = 10-3.12 = 7.6 x 10-4 M
SOLUTION STOICHIOMETRY
Gas-forming reactions
56
Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas. Have 10.0 g of Zn What volume of 2.50 M HCl is needed to convert the Zn completely?
57
Moles zinc
Stoichiometric factor
Moles HCl
Volume HCl
58
Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas. If you have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of 2.50 M HCl is needed to convert the Zn completely? Step 1: Write the balanced equation Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) --> ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) Step 2: Calculate amount of Zn
59
Zinc reacts with acids to produce H2 gas. If you have 10.0 g of Zn, what volume of 2.50 M HCl is needed to convert the Zn completely?
Step 3: Use the stoichiometric factor
60
REACTIONS
REDOX REACTIONS
61
REDOX REACTIONS
Redox reactions are characterized by ELECTRON TRANSFER between an electron donor and electron acceptor. Transfer leads to
1. increase in oxidation number of some element = OXIDATION 2. decrease in oxidation number of some element = REDUCTION
62
REDOX REACTIONS
Cu(s) + 2 Ag+(aq) ---> Cu2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s) In all reactions if something has been oxidized then something has also been reduced
63
64
OXIDATION NUMBERS
The electric charge an element APPEARS to have when electrons are counted by some arbitrary rules:
1. Each atom in free element has ox. no. = 0. Zn O2 I2 S8 2. In simple ions, ox. no. = charge on ion. -1 for Cl+2 for Mg2+
OXIDATION NUMBERS
3. F always has an oxidation number of -1 when forming compounds with other elements. 4. Cl, Br and I have oxidation numbers of -1 when forming compounds with other elements, except when combined with oxygen and fluorine. 5a. O has ox. no. = -2
65
OXIDATION NUMBERS
5b. Ox. no. of H = +1
66
OXIDATION NUMBERS
NH3 ClOH3PO4 MnO4N = Cl = P = Mn =
Oxidation number of F in HF?
67
Cr2O72C3H8
Cr =
C =
68
69
70
----------------------------------------------------------2 Al(s) + 3 Cu2+(aq) ---> 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 Cu(s) Final eqn. is balanced for mass and charge.
71
HNO3 is an oxidizing agent Cu + HNO3 --> 2 K + 2 H2O --> Cu2+ + NO2 2 KOH + H2
72
Reaction Type
Oxidation
Reduction
73
74
75