Algebra Aero Engr Board Review Lecture

Integers and Exponents
Polynomials, Operations, Special Products

Binomial Expansion (Binomial Theorem)
Factoring Polynomials
Rules of Exponents; Simplification of Rational
Expressions; Operations on Rational Expressions
Properties Radicals; Simplification of Radicals
Operations on Radicals
Complex Numbers

MATHEMATICS: ALGEBRA AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING BOARD EXAM REVIEW
Linear Equations; Literal Equations
Quadratic Equations in One Variable
Word Problems
Other Equations in One Variable: Radical, Fractional,
Quadratic in Form
Polynomial Equation of Degree n
Inverse Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
As per CHED CMO 28 s2007 for
Aero Eng.
Reference: College Algebra and
Trigonometry by Louis Leithold
Im thinking what in
the earth will my
apple benefit from
this bullshit algebra
Principles, examples, techniques
The key technique is
PRACTICE...PRACTICE
So Come On....Lets
Get It On!!!
So well
then..What is
Algebra???

Well...well thats funny, full of
terminologies, but please give me
the formal definition of algebra. I
dont have all the time in the
world, Ill still have to work out my
theory of relativity
A branch of mathematics that substitutes letters for numbers. An algebraic
equation represents a scale, what is done on one side of the scale with a
number is also done to the other side of the scale. The numbers are the
constants. Algebra can include real numbers, complex numbers, matrices,
vectors etc.

- about.com
A branch of mathematics in which arithmetical operations and
relationships are generalized by using alphabetic symbols to
represent unknown numbers or members of specified sets of
numbers

- thefreedictionary.com
And most of all it is
included in the board
exams so you better study
it!!!
Hmmm..so it seems Algebra is
not bad at all, its interesting
and maybe useful to my
apple..Ok, Id like to find out
more of it..Please do proceed.
A is an item that describes a
magnitude or a position.

a. numbers which allow us
to count the objects or ideas in a given collection.
Examples:

b. state the position of
individual objects in a sequence.
Examples:

are symbols or combination of
symbols which describe a number

written in Latin
Alphabet

o - to multiply it by 100 times
V = 500

- (bar above the number) to multiply the
number by 1000 times
V = 5,000

- to multiply the number by 1000000
V = 5,000,000

Natural Numbers
Whole Numbers
Integers
Rational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
numbers which are considered as the
counting numbers

may variously refer to:
natural numbers beginning 1, 2, 3, ...; the positive
integers
natural numbers beginning 0, 1, 2, 3, ...; the non-
negative integers
are simply the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, (and
so on)
all the natural number, the negative of
the natural numbers and the number
zero.

Examples: -4, -1, 0, 3, 8...
are real numbers which can be expressed as a ratio of two
integers.
a. Integers (positive and negative integers)
b. Fractions (positive and negative fractions)
c. Zero

Examples: 0.5, 2/3, -3, 0.333...
0.5 can be expressed as and -3 can be expressed as -
6/2, hence the two examples are rational numbers. The
number 0.333 can also be expressed as 1/3 and therefore a
rational number.
The number 0.333...is a repeating and non terminating
decimal. As a rule, a non terminating but repeating (or
periodic) decimal is always a rational number.


are real numbers which cannot be
expressed as a ratio or quotient of two
integers.

Examples: 2, , e,...
The numbers above can never be
expressed exactly as a quotient of two
integers. They are in fact, a non
terminating number with non terminating
decimal.
Its not your favorite snack....
Nor the famous Piscine Molitor Patel (Pi) who
is the main protagonist in the movie Life of
Pi.....
mathematical constant that is the ratio of a circle's circumference to
its diameter, and is approximately equal to 3.14159. It has been represented by
the Greek letter "" since the mid-18th century, though it is also sometimes
written as pi. is an irrational number, which means that it cannot be expressed
exactly as a ratio of two integers (such as 22/7 or other fractions that are
commonly used to approximate ); consequently, its decimal representation never
ends and never settles into a permanent repeating pattern.
An is denoted as
i which is equal to square root of
negative one.

Imaginary numbers and its equivalent:

1
1
1
1
4
3
2
=
= =
=
=
i
i i
i
i
A is an expression of
both real and imaginary number combined.
It takes the form of a + bi, where a and b
are real numbers

If a = 0, then pure imaginary number is
produced while real number is obtained
when b= 0.

Example: The number -3 + 6i is a complex
number whose real part is -3 and whose
imaginary part is 6


Imaginary
Numbers
The of a number is the
numerical value of the number neglecting the
sign.

The absolute value of -5 is 5 while z is z. The
absolute value [b] is either positive or zero
but can never be negative.

The absolute value of a number is
its distance from zero on the number line.
Find the absolute value of 4:

are numbers which are in the
form a/b, where a is called the numerator
which may be any integer while b is called
the denominator which may be any
integer greater than zero. Fraction is also
defined as a part of a whole.

numerator and denominator
are both integers. Also called common fraction.
(2/3, -4/9).
numerator is smaller than
the denominator. (5/8, 2/3)
numerator is greater than
the denominator. (5/2, 8/3).
a fraction that results in
interchanging the numerator and the
denominator. ( 4 is the reciprocal of )
numerator and
denominator are both fractions. (3/4 7/8 )

- two or more
simple fractions that have the same
denominator. (1/5, 2/5)
- a fraction with
a denominator of zero. ( 5/0 )
- a fraction
which has no quantitative meaning. (0/0)
- combination of an
integer and a proper fraction. (5 , 3 )


Are positive integers that have more than two
positive whole number factors. (6 is a composite
number because its factors are 1,2,3, and 6)

o
An integer greater than 1 that is divisible only by
1 and itself. (2, 3,5,7)

Note: The number 1 is the only natural number that is
neither composite nor prime. The number 2 is the
only prime number which is an even number.

- are set of two consecutive odd
primes which differ by two.
Examples: 3, 5 5, 7 11, 13

- pair of
prime numbers that are the same distance from a
given number in a number line.

Examples: Number: Symmetric Prime:
4 3, 5
5 3, 7
6 5, 7
prime number that remains a prime
when its digits are reversed.

Examples: 11, 13, 17, 31, 71, 73, 79,
97, 101
an integer that is equal to the sum of all
its possible divisors, except the number
itself.
Examples: 6, 28

Im
Perfect!!!
In the case of 6, the factors or divisors are 1, 2
and 3. When the factors are added, the sum is
equal to the number itself.
1 + 2 + 3 = 6

denoted by n!, represents the product of
all positive integers from 1 to n inclusive.

Example: 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24
3! = 3 x 2 x 1 = 6
Are digits that define the numerical value
of a number
A digit is considered significant unless it is
used to place a decimal point.
The significant digit of a number begins
with the first non zero digit and ends with
the final digit, whether zero or non zero.
( 15.95 has 4 significant figures, 1.674 x
10
3
has 4 significant figures, 0.0016 has 2
significant figures)

Are you
significant
enough??
means replacing the number with
another number having fewer significant decimal
digits or for integer number, fewer value carrying
(non zero) digits.
Examples:
3.14159 shall be rounded up to 3.1416
2.1334 shall be rounded up to 2.133
refers to dropping of the next
digits in order to obtain the degree of accuracy
beyond the need of practical calculations.
Example:
3.1415 is truncated to 3 decimal as 3.141

Is a statement that the two ratios are
equal

Example: a:x = y:c, a and c are called
extremes, while x and y are called means

a:x = a/x, a is called antecedent, while
x is called consequent

1. If a/y = x/d , then a:x = y:d
2. If a/b = c/d , then a/c = b/d
3. If a/b = c/d , then b/a = d/c
4. If a/b = c/d , then a b/b = c d/d
5. If a/b = c/d , then a + b/b = c + d/d
6. If a/b = c/d , then a + b/a b = c + d/c - d
Refers to product of several prime numbers
occurring in the denominators each taken with its
great multiplicity.

Example: What is the least common
denominator of 8, 9, 12, and 15
Soln: 8 = 2
3
9 = 3
2
12 = 3 . 2
2
15 = 3 . 5
LCD = 2
3
(3
2
)(5)
LCD = 360

Is the lowest multiple of two numbers

Example: What is the least common
multiple of 15 and 18?
Soln: 15 = 3 . 5
18 = 3
2
. 2

LCM = 3
2
(5)(2)
LCM = 90
Is the largest number that divides into
two or more numbers evenly.

The Field axioms of real numbers:

1. Closure property: a+b = integer, ab = integer
2.Commutative property: a+b = b+a, ab = ba
3. Associative property: (a+b)+c = a+(b+c), (ab)c = a(bc)
4. Identity property: a+0 = a, the number 0 is called the additive
identity, a x 1 = a, the number 1 is called the multiplicative
identity
5. Inverse property: a+(-a) = 0, the number a is called the additive
inverse, a(1/a) =1, the number 1/a is called the multiplicative
inverse
6. Distributive property: a(b+c) = ab+ac

1. Reflexive property: a = a
2. Symmetric property: if a = b, then b = a
3. Transitive property: if a = b and b = c, then
a = c
4. Substitution property: if a = b, then a can be
replaced by b in any expression involving a
5. Addition/Subtraction property: if a = b, then
a+c = b+c, if a = b, then a c = b c
6. Multiplication/Division property: if a = b, then
ac = bc, if a = b then a/c = b/c with c not equal
to 0.
7. Cancellation Property: if a + c = b + c, then
a = b. If ac = bc and c 0, then a = b

1. a + 0 = a and a 0 = a
2. a(0) = 0
3. 0/a = 0, with a not zero
4. a/0 is undefined
5. If ab = 0, then a= 0 or b = 0. This is called
as the zero factor property

Any
Questions???..
Everything clear
so far???
Number that gives the power to which a
base is raised. 3
2
the base is 3 and the
exponent is 2. 3
2
= 9 the number 9 is called
the power.

Find the following products:
a. (4x
4
y
3
)(-5x
5
y
2
)
= -20x
9
y
5

b. (4nx
5n
)(5nx
4n
)
= 20n
2
x
9n

c. (2x
3
y
2
z)
3
(-x
2
y
3
z
4
)
4

= 8x
17
y
18
z
19

o Find the following quotients:

a. 8a
5
b
2
= 4a
2
b. 6nx
6n
= 2x
3n

2a
3
b
8
b
6
3nx
3n
Write as simple fractions with only
positive exponents x
-3
y
4
z
-5

-2
x
6
y
-2
z
-4

) 2 ( 4 ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( 6
) 2 ( 5 ) 2 ( 4 ) 2 ( 3

=
z y x
z y x
8
10
4
8
12
6
. .
z
z
y
y
x
x

=
2 12 18
8 10 4 8 ) 12 ( 6
z y x
z y x

=
=
2
12
18
.
1
. z
y
x =
12
2 18
y
z x
=
an algebraic expression involving
only non negative integer powers of one or
more variables and containing no variable in the
denominator.
Example: 2x, 5x
2
+ 5, 3x
2
+ 4x + 5 are
polynomials in the variable x...3x
2
y
3
, 6x
2
+
8y
2
are polynomials in the variable x and y.
a symbol whose domain contains
only one element
Example: 6x
2
+ 2x + 5, 6, 2, and 5 are constants

used to mean a
constant, a variable, or combinations of variables
and constants involving a finite number of
indicated operations
Example: 3x
2
, 5x + 2
- a constant or a constant multiplied by
non negative integer powers of variables.
Example: 5x
2
+ 3x + 5 has three (3) terms
any factor of a product is a said to
be the coefficient of the other factors.
Example: 5xyz, the coefficient of 5x is yz, the
coefficient of x is 5yz and so on


a coefficient that is a
constant
Example: 5xyz, 5 is the constant coefficient of xyz
terms that may differ only in their
constant coefficients
Example: 6x
2
and 3x
2
are like terms
a polynomial that has one term
a polynomial that has two terms
a polynomial that has three terms
exponent of the
variable in a monomial
Example: 5x
3
has a degree 3


If a polynomial has more than one
variable, its degree is the sum of the
exponents of all the variables that appear. The
degree of 3x
2
y
5
is 7, the degree of 4 is 0, the
constant zero (0) has no degree.
highest degree
in the polynomial
Example: 7x
2
4x + 2 is a second degree
polynomial

Operations on
7a
2
b - 3a
2
b + 8ab
2
- 5ab
2
- 6ab
2
= 4a
2
b - 3ab
2
8 3 7 4
2 3
+ + y y y
6y
3
- 2y
2
+ 4
4 3 5 10
2 3
+ + y y y
(2x + 7)(3x 4)
= 2x(3x 4) + 7(3x 4)
= 6x
2
- 8x + 21x - 28
= 6x
2
+ 13x - 28

We will discuss
FOIL Method of
multiplying
polynomials later
on our discussion
FOIL Method can
also be used!!!
Find the product (3x
2
2x + 1)(3 + x 4x
2
)

3x
2
- 2x + 1
-4x
2
+ x + 3
-12x
4
+ 8x
3
- 4x
2
3x
3
- 2x
2
+ x
9x
2
- 6x + 3
12x
4
+ 11x
3
+ 3x
2
- 5x + 3


Divide 6x
2
+ 13x 28 by 3x 4

2x + 7
3x 4 6x
2
+ 13x 28
6x
2
8x
21x 28
21x 28
0
Divide 2x
3
5x
2
+ 6x - 3 by x 2

2x
2
x + 4
x 2 2x
3
5x
2
+ 6x 3
2x
3
4x
2

-x
2
+ 6x
-x
2
+ 2x
4x 3
4x 8
5

2
5
4 2 :
2
+ +
x
x x Ans
2
3 4 5
2
6 12 10
x
x x x +
2
3
2
4
2
5
2
6
2
12
2
10
x
x
x
x
x
x
+
+ =
x x x 3 6 5
2 3
+ =
Divide 2x
3
5x
2
+ 6x - 3 by x 2

2 2 - 5 + 6 - 3
4 - 2 + 8
2 -1 + 4 + 5
ans: 2x
2
x + 4 remainder 5

remainder
SPECIAL PRODUCTS OF POLYNOMIALS
(x + y)(x y) = x
2
y
2

(x + y)
2
= x
2
+ 2xy + y
2

(x y)
2
= x
2
2xy + y
2

(x + y)
3
= x
3
+3x
2
y +3xy
2
+y
3

(x y)
3
= x
3
3x
2
y + 3xy
2
y
3

x
3
y
3
= (x y)(x
2
+ xy + y
2
)
x
3
+ y
3
= (x + y)(x
2
xy + y
2
)
(x + y + z)
2
=x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
+ 2xy + 2xz +2yz

This is the
sensational FOIL
Method of
multiplying Binomials
2 2
5 10 2 y xy xy x + + +

Form: ac + bc = c(a + b)

Form: a
2
b
2
= (a +b) (a b)

Form: a
2
+ 2ab + b
2
= (a + b)
2

a
2
2ab + b
2
= (a b)
2

Form: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
+ 2ab + 2ac + 2bc =
(a + b + c)
2

a. Grouping to produce a common factor
a
2
b
2
+ a b = (a
2
b
2
) + (a b)
= (a + b)(a b) + (a b)
= (a b)[(a + b) + 1]
= (a b )(a + b + 1)
b. Grouping to produce a difference of two squares
a
2
+ b
2
c
2
2ab = (a
2
2ab + b
2
) c
2

= (a b)
2
c
2

= [(a b) + c][(a - b) - c]
= (a b + c)(a b c)

Form: a
3
+ b
3
= (a + b)(a
2
ab + b
2
)
a
3
b
3
= (a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
)

2 4 5 6
8 2 4 6 y y y y +
) 4 2 3 ( 2
2 3 4 2
+ = y y y y
1 4
2
x
) 1 2 )( 1 2 ( + = x x
Factor 16t
2
+ 40t + 25 = (4t + 5)
2

perfect square trinomial

Factor x
2
+ 3x 28 = (x 4)(x + 7)

Factor 9x
4
37x
2
+ 4

We note that if the middle term were -12x
2
, the polynomial would be a perfect
square trinomial. Hence we add 25x
2
to the middle term and then subtract 25x
2
from
the resulting expression

9x
4
37x
2
+ 4 = 9x
4
37x
2
+ 25x
2
+4 25x
2
= (9x
4
12x
2
+ 4) 25x
2
= (3x
2
2)
2
- (5x)
2
= (3x
2
2 + 5x)(3x
2
2 5x) = (x + 2)(3x 1)(3x + 1)(x 2)

Factor the polynomials
a. 16a
2
8ab + b
2
c
2
+ 6c 9
b. a
3
b
3
a + b
c. 2xy + 8x + 3y + 12

a. 16a
2
8ab + b
2
c
2
+ 6c 9
= (16a
2
8ab + b
2
) (c
2
6c + 9)
= (4a b)
2
(c 3)
2
= [(4a b) + (c 3)][(4a - b) (c 3)]

= (4a b + c 3)(4a b c + 3)

Grouping to produce
Difference of Two squares
b. a
3
b
3
a + b = (a
3
b
3
) (a b)
= (a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) (a b)
= (a b)[(a
2
+ ab + b
2
) 1]
= (a b)(a
2
+ ab + b
2
1)

c. 2xy + 8x + 3y + 12 = (2xy + 8x) + (3y + 12)
= 2x(y + 4) + 3(y + 4)
= (y + 4)(2x + 3)

Grouping to produce a common
factor
Factor the binomial 125x
3
+ y
9
= (5x)
3
+ (y
3
)
3
= (5x + y
3
)[(5x)
2
(5x)(y
3
) + (y
3
)
2
]
= (5x + y
3
)(25x
2
5xy
3
+ y
6
)

Factor the binomial 8 b
3
= 2
3
b
3
= (2 b)(2
2
+ 2b + b
2
)
= (2 b)(4 + 2b + b
2
)
Factor the polynomials
a. x
6
64 b. x
6
16x
3
+ 64

a. x
6
64 = (x
3
)
2
8
2
= (x
3
+ 8)(x
3
8)
= (x + 2)(x
2
2x + 4)(x 2)(x
2
+ 2x + 4)

b. x
6
16x
3
+ 64 = (x
3
)
2
+ 2(-8)x
3
+ (-8)
2
= (x
3
8)
2
= [(x 2)(x
2
+ 2x + 4)]
2
= (x 2)
2
(x
2
+ 2x + 4)
2

Factor x
3
+ 6x
2
+ 11x + 6

Get its factors! (1, -1, 2, -2, 3, -3, 6, -6) and try
the different factors, the right factors
are with zero remainder

1 + 6 + 11 + 6
-1 - 5 - 6
1 + 5 + 6 + 0
- 2 - 6
1 + 3 + 0
- 3
1 + 0

Therefore the
factors are:
(x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)

-2
-1
-3
How are we doing so far?
Everything Clear?
n n n n n n
b b a
n n n
b a
n n
b a
n
a b a ......
3
2
2
1
1 2
1
1 1
) (
3 3 2 2 1
+
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
+ = +

In elementary algebra, the Binomial Theorem describes the algebraic
expansion of powers of a binomial. According to the theorem, it is
possible to expand the power (x + y)
n
into a sum involving terms of
the form ax
b
y
c
, where the exponents b and c are nonnegative
integers with b + c = n, and the coefficient a of each term is a
specific positive integer depending on n and b.
Expand (2x y)
5

n
b a ) ( +
x a 2 =
y b =
5 5 5 4 4 5
3 3 5 2 2 5 1 5 5
) ( ) 2 (
5
4 5
4
3 5
3
2 5
2
1 5
1
5
) ( ) 2 (
4
3 5
3
2 5
2
1 5
1
5
) ( ) 2 (
3
2 5
2
1 5
1
5
) ( ) 2 (
2
1 5
1
5
) ( ) 2 (
1
5
) 2 (
y x y x
y x y x y x x
+
(
+
(
+
(
+

5 4 3 2 2 3 4 5
10 40 80 80 32 y xy y x y x y x x + +
OMG, What
a tedious
task!!!

Example: Find the fifth term of (2x
2
+ 3y)
9

Since the fifth term is desired, and our formula is for the (r + 1) th term, we
have r + 1 = 5 and r = 4. Therefore the exponent of a = 2x
2
is n 4 = 5. The
exponent of b = 3y is 4. The fifth term is,

9 . 8 . 7 . 6 (2x
2
)
5
(3y)
4
= 126(2x
2
)
5
(3y)
4

1 . 2 . 3 . 4

= 326,529 x
10
y
4

r r n
b a
r
r n n n n

+
..... .......... 3 . 2 . 1
) 1 )......( 2 )( 1 (

If the numerator and the denominator
of a fraction are polynomials, then the
fraction is called a rational expression
(3x + 2)/(x
2
4), 2/5rs are examples of
rational expressions. A rational
expression is said to be in lowest terms
if the numerator and denominator have
no common factor other than 1 and -1.
Dont you ever
dare to forget
that!!!
5 2
4 5
21
7
b a
b a
2 2
2 2
4 9
2 9 18
y x
y xy x
+
=
b
a
3
3
=
) 7 ( 3
) 7 (
4 2
4 2 3
b a b
b a a
=
) 2 3 )( 2 3 (
) 2 3 )( 6 (
y x y x
y x y x
+
+
=
) 2 3 (
6
y x
y x
=
x x 6
7
4
5
2
+
2
12
) 2 ( 7 ) 3 ( 5
x
x +
=
2
12
14 15
x
x +
=
4 4
4
4
5
2 2
+ +
x x x
2
) 2 (
4
) 2 )( 2 (
5
+
+
=
x x x
2
) 2 (
4
) 2 )( 2 (
5
+
+
=
x x x
) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ( 4
) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ( 5
2 2
+

+
+
=
x x
x
x x
x
) 2 ( ) 2 (
) 2 ( 4 ) 2 ( 5
2
+
+
=
x x
x x
) 2 ( ) 2 (
8 4 10 5
2
+
+ +
=
x x
x x
) 2 ( ) 2 (
18
2
+
+
=
x x
x
Find each of the following products in lowest terms.
a. b.

2
3
4
.
8
5
.
t
t
a
) 3 )( 2 (
) 2 )( 5 (
2 3
2
t
t
=
t 6
5
=
2
3
4
.
8
5
t
t
5 11 2
9 12 4
.
9 4
5
2
2
2
+
+ +
x x
x x
x
x
5 11 2
9 12 4
.
9 4
5
.
2
2
2
+
+ +
x x
x x
x
x
b
) 5 )( 1 2 (
) 3 2 (
.
) 3 2 )( 3 2 (
5
2

+
+

=
x x
x
x x
x
)] 5 )( 3 2 )[( 1 2 )( 3 2 (
)] 5 )( 3 2 )[( 3 2 (
+
+ +
=
x x x x
x x x
) 1 2 )( 3 2 (
3 2

+
=
x x
x
Find the quotient of
2
2 2
2
2 2
12 6 9 4
x xy
y xy x
y xy
y x
+

) 4 3 )( 3 2 (
) (
.
) (
) 3 2 )( 3 2 (
y x y x
x y x
y x y
y x y x
+
+
+
+
=
) 4 3 )( 3 2 )( (
) )( 3 2 )( 3 2 (
y x y x y x y
x y y x y x x
+ +
+ +
=
) 4 3 (
) 3 2 (
y x y
y x x
+
+
=
xy y
xy x
3 4
3 2
2
2
+
+
=
Evaluate in its simplest term,
1
1
1
2
1
a
a
a
1
1
1
1
1
) 1 (
2

=
a a
a
a
a a
a a
a
1
1 1
2
2
=
a
a a a
a
a
1
2
2
2
=
a
a a
a
a
) 2 (
1
.
2

=
a a
a
a
a
) 2 (
) 2 )( 1 (
2

=
a a
a a
2
1
a
a
=
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
x x
x
x
x
x
Evaluate in its simplest terms
2
1
) 2 )( 1 (
1
1
) 2 )( 1 (
1
2
) 2 )( 1 (
2
1
) 2 )( 1 (

=
x
x x
x
x x
x
x
x x
x
x
x x
) 1 ( ) 2 (
) 2 )( 2 ( ) 1 )( 1 (

=
x x
x x x x
Continued on next slide.........
Continued.........
1 2
4 4 1 2
2 2
+
+ +
=
x x
x x x x
1
3 2
=
x
x 2 3 =

3 2 / 3
) 9 ( 9 =
3
3 =
27 =
2
3
3 / 2
) 8 ( 8 =
2
2 =
4 =
4
3
3 / 4
) 27 ( ) 27 ( =
4
) 3 ( =
81 =
3 / 2
3 / 2
8
1
8 =
2
3
) 8 (
1
=
2
2
1
=
4
1
=
2 3 / 1 3 / 2
) 8 ( 8

=
2
3 / 1
8
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
1
|
.
|
\
|
=
4
1
=
4 / 1
3 / 1
x
x
4 / 1
3 / 1
1
.
x
x =
4 / 1 3 / 1
.

= x x
4 / 1 ) 3 / 1 (
= x
12 / 1
x =
3 / 5 3 / 2
5 8 x x + ) 5 8 (
3 / 2
x x + =
2 / 1 2 / 1
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 +

x x
)] 1 ( 2 [ ) 1 (
2 / 1
+ =

x x
) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 / 1
+ =

x x
,
Simplify each of the following radicals
a.

b.

3
3 4
81 y x
3
3 4 4
3 y x =
3
3 3 x xy =
4
7 8
80 y x
4
7 8 4
5 . 2 y x =
4
3 2
5 2 y y x =
32 2 2 98 +
2 . 16 2 2 2 . 49 + =
2 4 2 2 2 7 + =
2 5 =
6 4 3 2
25 3 5 x x +
6 / 1 4 3 / 1 2
) 25 ( 3 ) 5 ( x x + =
6 / 1 4 6 / 2 2
) 25 ( 3 ) 5 ( x x + =
) 25 ( 3 ) 5 (
6 / 4 6 / 1 6 / 4 6 / 2
x x + =
6 / 1 4 6 / 2 2
) 25 ( 3 ) 5 ( x x + =
6 / 1 4 2 6 / 2 2
) 5 ( 3 ) 5 ( x x + =
6 / 2 2 6 / 2 2
) 5 ( 3 ) 5 ( x x + =
) 3 1 ( ) 5 (
6 / 2 2
+ = x
3
2
5 4 x =
Find the product and simplify the result:

3 2 2
126 t s r
3 2 2
36 t rs
X
3 2 2 2
7 . 3 . 2 t s r =
3 2 2 2 2
3 . 2 t rs
3 3 4 3 4 3
7 . 3 . 2 t s r =
3
3 3 3 3 3
) 7 . 3 )( 3 . 2 ( s t s r =
3
3
) 3 . 2 ( rst =
3
7 . 3 s
3
21 6 s rst =
X
And thats
how you
rationalize!!!

x 2
3
3
2
2
2
3
y
x
x 2
3
=
X
x
x
2
2
2
) 2 (
6
x
x
=
x
x
2
6
=
3
2 2
3
2 2
) 2 )( 2 (
) 2 )( 3 (
y y
y x
=
3
3
3
2
) 2 (
12
y
y x
=
y
y x
2
12
3
2
=
Express with a rationalized denominator
3
5
1
y
3
2 2
3
3
2 2
5 5
5 1
y y
y
=
3
3
3
2 2
) 5 (
5
y
y
=
y
y
5
25
3
2
=
Rationalize the fraction
5 - 2 = (5 - 2)(5 - 2 )
5 + 2 (5 + 2)(5 - 2)

= 5
2
- 210 + 2
2
5
2
- 2
2

= 5 - 210 + 2 = 7 - 210
5 2 3
Rationalize the denominator
2 = 2(x - 3y)
x + 3y (x + 3y)(x - 3y)

= 2x - 6y = 2x - 6y
x
2
- 9y
2
x - 9y

States that if a polynomial in an
unknown quantity x is divided by a
first degree expression in the same
variable, (x k), where k may be any
real number or complex number, the
remainder to be expected will be
equal to the sum obtained when the
numerical value of k is substituted for
x in the polynomial.
Divide 2x
3
5x
2
+ 6x 3 by x 2

ans. 2x
2
x + 4 + 5
x - 2

Using the remainder theorem, we can find the remainder by,

P(x) = 2x
3
5x
2
+ 6x 3, subs. x = 2
= 2(2)
3
- 5(2)
2
+ 6(2) 3
= 5 the remainder

remainder
Previous problem
states that if a polynomial is divided by (x k)
will result to a remainder of zero, then the
value (x k) is a factor of the polynomial.

Example:
Show that x 4 is a factor of 2x
3
6x
2
5x 12
If P(x) = 2x
3
6x
2
5x 12, then
P(4) = 2(4)
3
6(4)
2
5(4) 12
= 0 , therefore x 4 is a factor
As a review when a real number and an
imaginary number unite together they
form a complex number
If p is a positive number, then the principal square root of
- p, denoted by , is defined by

= i
Example:
= i ,the square roots of -5 are
and -i
= = 4i, the square roots of -16
are 4i and -4i
Note: A complex number is said to be in standard form
when it is written as a + bi, where a and b are real
numbers

Write the complex number in standard form:
1. = = 3i = 0 + 3i
2. 5 - = 5 6 (i ) = 5 6(2i) = 5 + (-12i)

i

If a + bi and c + di are complex numbers, then
(a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i
(a + bi)(c + di) = (ac bd) + (ad + bc)i

Example:
Find the sum and product of the complex numbers 5 4i and -2 + 6i
( 5 4i) + ( -2 + 6i) = 5 - 2 - 4i + 6i = 3 + 2i
(5 4i)(-2 + 6i) = -10 + 30i + 8i - 24i
2

= -10 + 38i - 24(-1)
= -10 + 38i + 24 = 14 + 38i
Find the Difference of the complex numbers
(5 4i) - (-2 +6i) = 5 4i + 2 6i = 7 10i

a. The conjugate of 3 + 2i is 3 2i
b. The conjugate of -4 5i is -4 (-5i) or
equivalently -4 + 5i
Find the quotient of the complex number

5 - 4i = (5 - 4i)(-2 - 6i)
-2 + 6i (-2 + 6i)(-2 - 6i)

= -10 - 22i + 24i
2
4 - 36i
2
= -10 - 22i + 24(-1)
4 - 36(-1)
= -34 - 22i
40
= - 17 - 11 i
20 20
(2 - -9) (2 + -9)

(2 - -9) = (2 - 3i)(2 - 3i)
(2 + -9) (2 + 3i)(2 - 3i)

= 4 - 6i - 6i + 9i
2
4 - 9i
2
= 4 - 12i + 9(-1)
4 - 9(-1)
= -5 - 12i = -5 - 12 i
13 13 13
Algebraic Equation in the variable x is a
statement that the two algebraic expressions
are equal

0 = +b ax
Where a and b
are real numbers
and a 0
8 ) 6 ( 4 ) 4 2 ( 3 1 = x x
2
3
3 2
) 13 4 ( 16 4 ) 13 4 ( 13 6
16 4 13 6
8 4 24 12 6 1
=
=
+ + = + +
+ = +
= +
x
x
x x x x
x x
x x
2 3
2
4
3
=
+ x x
2
14 7
6 8 2 9
8 2 6 9
) 4 ( 2 ) 2 3 ( 3
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ =
x
x
x x
x x
x x
5 8 4
4 4
1 2
4
5 2
1
2
+
+
=
+ x x
x
x x
) 1 2 )( 5 2 (
4 4
1 2
4
5 2
1
+
+
=
+ x x
x
x x
2
5
25 10
4 4 21 6
4 4 20 8 1 2
4 4 ) 5 2 ( 4 1 2
=
=
+ =
+ =
+ = +
x
x
x x
x x x
x x x
If a rectangle has a length that is 3 cm less
than four times its width and its perimeter is
19 cm, what are the dimensions?

Soln:

4w - 3
w
Let w = width of the rectangle
4w 3 = length of the rectangle
P = 2L + 2W

19 = 2(4w - 3) + 2(w)
19 = 8w 6 + 2w
25 = 10w
w = 5/2

Thus, w = 5/2 cm and length
is 4w 3 = 4(5/2) 3 = 7 cm
One angle of the triangle is half the second,
and the third is 30 more than the second.
Find the angles it being known that the sum of
the interior angles of any triangle is 180
Soln: Let: x = size of the second angle
x = the first angle
x + 30 = the third angle

Working Equation:

x = 60 degree the second angle
1/2x = 30 degree the first angle
x + 30 = 90 degree the third angle
180 ) 30 (
2
1
= + + + x x x
A man invested part of $15,000 at 12 percent
and the remainder at 8 percent. If his annual
income from the two investments is $1456,
how much does he have invested at each
rate?

Let x = the number of dollars invested at 12 percent
15,000 x = the number of dollars invested at 8 percent
No. of Dollars Invested x rate = Number of
Dollars in
Interest
12 % investment x 0.12 0.12x
8% investment 15,000 x 0.08 0.08(15,000 x)


Thus the man has $6400 invested at 12% and $8600 at 8%
6400
256 04 . 0
1456 08 . 0 1200 12 . 0
1456 ) 000 , 15 ( 08 . 0 12 . 0
=
=
= +
= +
x
x
x x
x x
8600 6400 000 , 15 000 , 15 = = x
A fruit vendor goes to market to buy fruits for resale at her store. She
spends half her money for mangoes, and one third of what remains for
bananas. She spends P150 for other fruits and still has P200 left from the
amount she originally had. How much money did she have at the start?
Soln: Let: x = original amount she had
x = amount spent for mangoes
1/3(x x) = 1/6 x = amount spent for bananas

Total amount spent =

Amount remaining = P200

Working Equation:

x = P1050, the original amount

150
3
2
150
6
1
2
1
+ = + + x x x
x x = + + 200 150
3
2
A goldsmith has two alloys of gold, the first being 70 % pure gold, and the
second 60 % pure gold. How many grams of each must be used to make
100 grams of an alloy which will be 66 % pure gold?
Soln: Let: x = the weight in grams of 70% pure gold
100 x = the weight in grams of 60% pure gold
% of gold No. of grams Total Alloy
70 % pure gold 0.70 x 0.70x
60 % pure gold 0.60 100 x 0.60(100 x)
66 % pure gold 0.66 100 0.66(100)
Working Equation:

Therefore 60 grams is needed for 70% alloy., and 40 grams for 60%
alloy.
grams x
x x
60
) 100 ( 66 . 0 ) 100 ( 60 . 0 70 . 0
=
= +
Determine how many liters of a 7% acid
solution and how many liters of a 12% acid
solution should be mixed by a chemist to
obtain 6 liters of a 10 % acid solution.
Let x = the number of liters of the 7 % acid solution
6 x = the number of liters of the 12 % acid solution
% of Acid x No. of Liters of Soln. = No. of Liters of Acid
7% acid 7% 7% x 0.07x
12 % acid 12% 6 x 0.12(6 x)
Mixture 10% 10% 6 0.10(6)

Therefore the chemist should use 2.4 liters of the 7% acid
solution and 3.6 liters of the 12% acid solution.
) 6 ( 10 . 0 ) 6 ( 12 . 0 07 . 0 = + x x
60 . 0 12 . 0 72 . 0 07 . 0 = + x x
72 . 0 60 . 0 05 . 0 = x
12 . 0 05 . 0 = x
05 . 0
12 . 0
= x
4 . 2 = x
4 . 2 6 6 = x
6 . 3 =
One runner took 3 min 45s to complete a race
and another runner required 4 min to run the
same race. The rate of the faster runner is 0.4
m/s more than the rate of the slower runner.
Find their rates.
Let r = the number of meters per second in the rate of the slower runner
r + 0.4 = the number of meters per second in the rate of the faster runner
Rate in m/s x Time in seconds. = Distance in meters
Slower runner r 240 240 r
Faster runner r + 0.4 225 225(r + 0.4)
Hence the equation is,

Therefore the rate of the slower runner is 6 m/s, and the faster
runners rate is 6.4 m/s
) 4 . 0 ( 225 240 + = r r
90 225 240 + = r r
90 15 = r
6 = r
4 . 6 4 . 0 6 4 . 0 = + = + r
Two cars A and B start at the same time from
two places 136 km apart toward each other. A
travels 10 km/hr and B 8 km/hr. If B rests 1 hr
on the way, in how many hours will they
meet?
Soln: Let: t = time in hrs A travels
t 1 = actual time of travelling for B
10t = distance in km travelled by A
8(t 1) = distance in km travelled by B
Working Equation:
136 ) 1 8 ( 10 = + t t
hrs t 8 =
Two ninjas decided to compete at each other. Using their
supernatural powers, starting from the same point at the
same time, they run in the same direction at constant speed
of 34 and 45 kilometres per hour, respectively. In how many
hours will they be 33 kilometers apart?
Let t = the unknown number of hours
34t = distance travelled by a slower ninja
45t = distance travelled by a faster ninja (naruto)
45t
34t
33 kms.
Ninjas Rate Time Distance

Faster 45 t 45t
Slower 34 t 34t
Working Equation:

Therefore the two ninjas will be 33 kilometers apart in 3 hours
33 34 45 = t t
hrs t 3 =
A motorboat has an average speed of 20 km/hr in still
water. It can travel upstream 5 km against a river
current in the same time it can travel downstream 7
km with the river current. What is the speed of the
current?
Soln: Let v = speed of the river current in km/hr
20 v = speed of the motorboat upstream
20 + v = speed of the motorboat downstream

Working Equation:

v = 3 and 1/3 km/hr

v v +
=
20
7
20
5
One painter can paint a room in 12 hr and another
can paint the same room in 10 hr. How long will it
take to paint the room if they work together?
Let x = the number of hours in the time to paint the room when
they are working together
Fractional Part x No. of hours = Fractional Part of
of work done/hr worked work done

First Painter 1/12 x x/12
Second Painter 1/10 x x/10

Hence it takes the painters 60/11 hr to paint the room together
1
10 12
= +
x x
) 1 ( 60
10
60
12
60 =
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
.
|
\
|
x x
60 6 5 = + x x
60 11 = x
11
60
= x
One pipe can fill a tank alone in 6 hours; another
pipe can fill it alone in 8 hours. A drain pipe can
empty the tank in 12 hours. If the tank is empty, and
all the three pipes are open, how long will it take to
fill the tank?
Soln: Let: x = the number of hours needed to fill the empty tank
if all pipes are open

Working Equation:

Therefore the tank can be filled in 4.8 hours
12
1
8
1
6
1 1
+ =
x
hours x 8 . 4 =
A boy is one third as old as his brother and 8 years
younger than his sister. The sum of their ages is 38
years. How old is each of them?
Soln: Let: x = age of boy 3x = age of brother
x + 8 = age of sister

x = 6 years (age of boy)
3x = 18 years (age of brother)
x + 8 = 14 years (age of sister)
38 ) 8 ( 3 = + + + x x x
6 = x
8 years ago, Manny was three times as old as
Ronnie. Now he is only twice as old as Ronnie. Find
their ages now.
Soln: Let x = Ronnies age 8 years ago
3x = Mannys age 8 years ago
x + 8 = Ronnies age now
3x + 8 = Mannys age now

Working Equation:

x = 8 years (Ronnies age 8 years ago)
3x = 24 years (Mannys age 8 years ago)
x + 8 = 16 years (Ronnies age now)
3x + 8 = 32 years (Mannys age now)
) 8 ( 2 8 3 + = + x x
8 = x
The difference between two numbers is 24
and their sum is 60. Find the numbers
Soln: Let: x = one number
x + 24 = the other number

Working Equation:

Therefore the numbers are: 18 and 42
60 ) 24 ( = + + x x
18 = x
42 24 = + x
If the smaller of two consecutive odd integers is
doubled, the result is 7 more than the larger of the
two integers. Find the smaller integer.
Soln: Let: x = the smaller integer
2x = the smaller of two consecutive odd integers doubled
x + 2 = the larger integer

Working Equation:

Therefore the smaller integer is 9, the larger would be 11
7 ) 2 ( 2 + + = x x
9 = x
11 2 = + x
18 2 = x
Find the number which is 7/4 times the
excess of the number over 3
Soln: Let: x = the required number
x 3 = the excess of the number over 3

Working Equation:

) 3 (
4
7
= x x
7 = x
is an expression or an equation that
contains the variable squared, but not raised to a
higher power.

, a is not zero

Can be Solved By:
1. Solution by Factoring
2. Solution by Completing the Square
3. Solution by Quadratic Formula
0
2
= + + c bx ax
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
The quantity in the above equation is
known as the The discriminant
will determine the nature of the roots of the
quadratic equation.

: Nature of Roots:
0 Only one root (real and equal)
> 0 Real and Unequal
< 0 Imaginary and Unequal

ac b 4
2
ac b 4
2

Determine the character of the roots of the equations

a. 3x
2
2x 6 = 0 b. 4x
2
12x + 9 = 0

a. 3x
2
2x 6 = 0 a = 3, b = -2, c = -6

b
2
- 4ac = (-2)
2
- 4(3)(-6)
D = 76, the discriminant is positive, hence the
roots are real and unequal

b. 4x
2
12x + 9 = 0 a = 4, b = -12, c = 9

b
2
- 4ac = (-12)
2
- 4(4)(9)
D = 0, the discriminant is zero, therefore the
roots are equal real numbers
Find the solution set of the equation

3
2
6
5
1
2
x x
= +
6
3
) 2 (
6
5
1 6
2
(
=
(
+
x x
2 ) 2 ( ) 5 ( 6
2
x x = +
2
4 5 6 x x = +
0 6 5 4
2
= x x
0 ) 2 )( 3 4 ( = + x x
2
4
3
2
1
=
=
x
x
The solution sets are -3/4 and 2
Find the solution set by completing the square

0 6 2 3
2
= x x
3
0
3
6
3
2
3
3
2
=
x x
2
3
2
0 2
3
2
2
2
=
=
x x
x x
9
1
3
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
b
9
1
2
9
1
3
2
2
+ = + x x
9
19
3
1
2
=
|
.
|
\
|
x
3
19
3
1
= x
3
19 1
= x
The solution set is
3
19 1
The quadratic formula is derived by completing the square of
the general formula of the quadratic equation.
0
2
= + + c bx ax
a a
c
a
bx
a
ax 0
2
= + +
a
c
x
a
b
x

= +
2
2 2
2
2 2
(
=
(
+ +
a
b
a
c
a
b
x
a
b
x
a
c
a
b
a
b
x =
(
+
2
2
2
4 2
2
2
2
4
4
2 a
ac b
a
b
x

=
(
+
a
ac b
a
b
x
2
4
2
2

= +
a
ac b
a
b
x
2
4
2
2
=
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
Use the quadratic formula to find the solution
of set of the equation 6x
2
= 10 + 11x
Soln: 6x
2
- 11x - 10 = 0 a = 6, b = -11, c = -10

The solution sets are 5/2 and -2/3
a
ac b b
x
2
4
2

=
) 6 ( 2
) 10 )( 6 ( 4 ) 11 ( ) 11 (
2

= x
3
2
2
5
2
1
=
=
x
x
Sum of the Roots:

Product of the Roots:

Finding the quadratic equation given
its roots:

A
B
r r

= +
2 1
A
C
r r = +
2 1
0 ) (
2 1 2 1
2
= + + r r x r r x
Find the sum and product of roots of 4x
2
+ 8x 12 = 0

r
1
+ r
2
= -b/a = -8/4 = -2
r
1
r
2
= c/a = -12/4 = -3

4x
2
+ 8x 12 = 0
4(x
2
+ 2x 3) = 0
4(x + 3)(x 1) = 0
x
1
= -3 x
2
= 1

r
1
+ r
2
= -3 + 1 = -2
r
1
r
2
= (-3)(1) = -3

Find the quadratic equation given its roots
2/3, -5/6

x
2
- (r
1
+ r
2
)x + r
1
r
2
= 0

x
2
- (2/3 5/6)x + (2/3)(-5/6) = 0

18x
2
+ 3x 10 = 0

A park contains a flower garden, 50 m long and 30 m wide, and a
path of uniform width around it. If the area of the path is 600 m
2
,
what is its width?
30 meters
5
0

m
e
t
e
r
s

(30 + 2w) m
(
5
0

+

2
w
)

m

w meters
w

m
e
t
e
r
s

Let: w = width of the path

The area of the park
minus the area of the garden is
equal to the area of the path
Working Equation:

Using quadratic formula:

Because w must be a positive number, we reject the negative
root.
w = -20 + 5(4.69) = 3.45 m, thus the width of the path is 3.45 m
600 ) 30 )( 50 ( ) 2 30 )( 2 50 ( = + + w w
0 150 40
0 600 160 4
600 1500 4 160 1500
2
2
2
= +
= +
= + +
w w
w w
w w
a
ac b b
w
2
4
2

=
) 1 ( 2
) 150 )( 1 ( 4 ) 40 ( 40
2

= w
22 5 20 = w
- involves fraction
containing the variable in the denominator
- an equation in which
constants are also represented by letters
- an equation involving a
variable with a fractional exponent or an
equation in which a variable appears in a
radical

Solve for x:
3x + 4 - 2x + 5 = 0
6x 5 4x 1

(3x + 4)(4x 1) - (2x + 5)(6x 5) = 0
(6x 5)(4x 1)

(12x
2
3x + 16x 4) - (12x
2
10x + 30x 25) = 0

-7x + 21 = 0
x = 3
Multiplying both sides of the eqn by the LCD and simplifying, we have..
(k + x)
2
+ 5k = (3 + x)
2
- 2k

where: k is a constant
Solve the equation,

Soln:

the solution sets are 2, 10, but by substitution, it can be found that only 2
is the solution to the equation. 10 is therefore called the
extraneous solution to the equation

5 5 2 = + + x x
x x = + 5 5 2
2 2
) 5 ( ) 5 2 ( x x = +
2
10 25 5 2 x x x + = +
0 20 12
2
= + x x
0 ) 2 )( 10 ( = x x
2
10
2
1
=
=
x
x

By substituting the solution sets
to the equation, it can be found
that both solution sets does not
satisfy the given equation.
Therefore the solution sets are
both extraneous. There is no
real solution set to the
equation

3 2 3 3 3 = + x x
2 3 3 3 3 + + = x x
2 2
) 2 3 3 ( ) 3 3 ( + + = x x
2 3 2 3 6 9 3 3 + + + + = x x x
8 6 2 3 6 + = + x x
4 3 2 3 3 + = + x x
2 2
) 4 3 ( ) 2 3 3 ( + = + x x
16 24 9 ) 2 3 ( 9
2
+ + = + x x x
16 24 9 18 27
2
+ + = + x x x
0 2 3 9
2
= + + x x
0 2 3 9
2
= x x
0 ) 1 3 )( 2 3 ( = + x x
3
2
1
= x
3
1
2
= x
) 4 3 ( 2 ) 2 3 3 ( 2 + = + x x
An equation in a single variable x is said to be
quadratic in form if it can be written as

where a 0 and u is an algebraic expression in x
0
2
= + + c bu au

Let: u = x
2
, The equation then becomes,
u
2
2u 15 = 0

Solving for u: (u 5)(u + 3) = 0
u = 5 u = -3

Replace u with x
2
and solve the resulting equations
x
2
= 5 x
2
= -3
x = 5 x = i 3

The solution set of the original equation is therefore ( 5, i 3)

0 15 2
2 4
= x x

Let: The equation then becomes

3u
2
4u 15 = 0
(3u + 5)(u 3) = 0
u = -5/3 u = 3

Replacing u with and solve for x

The solution sets will be -3/4, -1/4, 1/3, and 1
0 15
1
4 4
1
4 3
2
=
|
.
|
\
|

|
.
|
\
|

x
x
x
x
x
x u
1
4 =
x
x
1
4
Linear Inequalities
Polynomial and Rational Inequalities
Inequalities involving Absolute Value
Find the solution set of the inequality
3x - 8 < 7
3x - 8 + 8 < 7 + 8
3x < 15
1/3 (3x) < 1/3 (15)
x < 5
5 -5 0
The solution set is the interval (-, 5)
x - 7 x
4
(4) x - 7 (4) x
4
x - 7 4x
x - 7 + 7 4x + 7
x 4x + 7
-3x 7
-1/3 (-3x) (-1/3)7
x -7/3

The solution set is the interval [-7/3, +)
5 -7/3 0
Find the solution set of
3 < 4x + 7 15

Solve each of the inequalities separately,

A value of x will be a solution of the given inequality if and only if -1 < x
and x 2. Therefore the solution set is the interval (-1, 2]
-1 0 2
3 < 4x + 7
3 - 7 < 4x + 7 - 7
-4 < 4x
(-4) < (4x)
-1 < x
4x + 7 15
4x + 7 - 7 15 - 7
4x 8
(4x) (8)
X 2
Find the Solution Set
x
2
+ 2x 15
The given inequality is equivalent
to....
0 15 2
2
> + x x
0 ) 3 )( 5 ( > + x x
The critical numbers are -5 and 3 plotted in the
number line
3
-5 0
The following intervals are determined: (-, -5), (-5, 3), (3, + )
Interval Test Number
k
Sign of x + 5 at
k
Sign of x -3 at
k
Sign of (x + 5)
(x 3) on
interval
(-, -5) -6 - - +
(-5, 3) 0 + - -
(3, + ) 4 + + +
3
-5 0
+
-
+
Therefore (x + 5)(x - 3) > 0 if x is in
either ( - , -5 ) or ( 3, + )
Thus the solution set of
the given inequality is:
( - , - 5 + U * 3, + )
Find the Solution Set
(x + 1)(2x
2
- 5x + 2) > 0
The given inequality is equivalent
to....
0 ) 2 )( 1 2 )( 1 ( > + x x x
The critical numbers are -1, and 2 plotted in the
number line
2
-1
Interval Test
Number
k
Sign of
x + 1 at k
Sign of
2x -1 at k
Sign of
x 2 at k
Sign of (x + 1)
(2x 1) (x 2)
on interval

(-, -1) -2 - - - -
(-1, ) 0 + - - +
(1/2 , 2) 1 + + - -
(2, + ) 3 + + + +
2
-1
+
-
+ -
We conclude that (x + 1)(2x - 1)(x 2) > 0 if x is
in either ( - 1, ) or ( 2, + )
Thus the solution set of
the given inequality is:
( - 1, ) U ( 2, + )
Find the solution set of
1
6
1 3
2
s

x x
x
0 1
6
1 3
2
s

x x
x
0
6
) 6 ( 1 3
2
2
s

x x
x x x
0
6
5 4
2
2
s

+ +
x x
x x
We now multiply on both
sides of the inequality sign
by -1
0
6
5 4
2
2
>

x x
x x
0
) 2 )( 3 (
) 1 )( 5 (
>
+
+
x x
x x
0 ) 2 )( 3 (
0 ) 1 )( 5 (
= +
= +
x x
x x
The critical numbers are 5, -1, 3, and -2
3
-2 -1 5
Interval Test
Number
k
Sign of
x + 2 at k
Sign of
x +1 at k
Sign of
x 3 at
k
Sign of
(x 5) at k
Sign
(x 5)(x + 1)
(x 3)(x + 2)
On interval
(-, -2) -3 - - - - +
(-2,-1 ) -3/2 + - - - -
(-1 , 3) 0 + + - - +
(3, 5 ) 4 + + + - -
(5, + ) 6 + + + + +
3
-2 -1 5
+ - +
- +
As we can see in the table, the rational expression is (+) if
x is in one of the following intervals: (- , -2), (-1, 3), and
(5, + )
Therefore the solution set is (- , -2] U [-1, 3) U *5, + )
b E < is equivalent to
b E b < <
b E >
is equivalent to b E >
Statement 1:
Statement 2:
Statement 1 is valid if the symbol < is replaced by
Statement 2 is valid if the symbol > is replaced by
and the symbol < is replaced by
b E <
or
2x 7 < 9

-9 < 2x 7 < 9
-9 + 7 < 2x 7 + 7 < 9 + 7
-9 + 7 < 2x < 16
-2 < 2x < 16
-1 < x < 8

Therefore the solution set is the open interval (-1, 8)

From statement 1:
-1 0 8

Therefore the solution set is (-, 3+ U *12, +)

3 5
3
2
> x
3 5
3
2
> x
9 15 2 > x
24 2 > x
12 > x
3 5
3
2
s x
9 15 2 s x
6 2 s x
3 s x
From statement 2
The solution set is the interval ( - , 3+ U * 12, + )

0 3 12
- the logarithm of a number or variable x to base b, log
b
x, is
the exponent of b needed to give x

Log
2
16 = 4 may be written as 2
4
= 16

-
logarithm to the base 10

logarithm to the base e which is
approximately 2.7182
y = lnx if and only if x = e
y

If log x = a; then x is called the antilogarithm of a

Find the value of each of the following logarithms:
49 log .)
7
a
5 log .)
5
b
6
1
log .)
6
c
2
7 7
49 7
2
=
=
=
y
y
y
2
1
5 5
5 5
2
1
=
=
=
y
y
y
1
6 6
6
1
6
1
=
=
=
y
y
y
x b
x
b
=
log
7 3
7 log
3
= 5 10
5 log
10
=
y b
y
b
= log
5 2 log
5
2
=
3 10 log
3
10
=
0 1 log =
b
1 log = b
b
x y ln =
if and only if
y
e x =
1 ln = e
x e
x
=
ln
and
x e
x
= ln
1.
2.

3.
4.

5.

6.

y x xy log log ) log( + =
y x
y
x
log log log =
|
|
.
|
\
|
x n x
n
log log =
b
x
x
b
log
log
log =
a
x
x
b
b
a
log
log
log =
1 log =
a
a
Express each of the following in terms of logarithms of x,
y, and z, each of which represents a positive number.
4 3 2
log .) z y x a
b 2
log .)
yz
x
b
b
5
3
2
log .)
z
xy
c
b
z y x
b b b
log 4 log 3 log 2 + + =
4 3 2 4 3 2
log log log log .) z y x z y x a
b b b b
+ + =
2
2
log log log .) yz x
yz
x
b
b b b
=
) log (log log
2
z y x
b b b
+ =
z y x
b b b
log 2 log log =
3
2
5
3
2
log
5
1
log .)
z
xy
z
xy
c
b b
=
) log log (log
5
1
3 2
z y x
b b b
+ =
) log (log
5
1
3 2
z xy
b b
=
) log 3 log 2 (log
5
1
z y x
b b b
+ =
z y x
b b b
log
5
3
log
5
2
log
5
1
+ =
Solve 3
x
= 16

x = log
3
16
x = log 16/ log 3
x = 2.5237


08 . 0 5
1 3
=
x
08 . 0 log 5 log
1 3
=
x
08 . 0 log 5 log ) 1 3 ( = x
08 . 0 log 5 log 5 log 3 = x
5 log 08 . 0 log 5 log 3 + = x
5 log 3
5 log 08 . 0 log +
= x
1897 . 0 = x

We reject the negative root since both
logarithms are not defined. Therefore the
solution set is 9/2
3 ) 3 2 ( log log
3 3
= + x x
3 ) 3 2 ( log
3
= x x
3 2
3 3 2 = x x
0 27 3 2
2
= x x
0 ) 9 2 )( 3 ( = + x x
2
9
3
=
=
x
x
In a particular bacterial culture, if f (t) bacteria
are present at t minutes, then

where B is a constant. If there are 1500
bacteria present initially. Determine how
many minutes elapse until there are 30,000
bacteria present in the culture.
t
Be t f
04 . 0
) ( =
Let T represent the number of minutes that
elapse until there are 30,000 bacteria present.
Then in the given equation we substitute T for
t and we have
T
e T f
04 . 0
1500 ) ( =
T
e
04 . 0
1500 000 , 30 =
T
e
04 . 0
20 =
20 ln 04 . 0 = T
9 . 74 = T
Therefore 1 hr, 14 min, and 54 sec
elapse until there are 30,000 bacteria
present
If $ 1000 is deposited into a savings account
that pays an annual interest rate of 6 %
compounded continuously, and no
withdrawals or additional deposits made, how
long will it take until there is $1500 on
deposit?
it
Pe A=
T
e
06 . 0
1000 1500=
5 . 1
06 . 0
=
T
e
5 . 1 ln 06 . 0 = T
06 . 0
5 . 1 ln
= T
758 . 6 = T
Therefore it will take 6 years, 9
months, and 3 days until there is
$1500 on deposit
Variation problems are problems in algebra
which show the relationship between the
variables in terms of expressions such as
directly proportional or inversely
proportional or simply proportional. k
is called constant of proportionality.

y varies directly as x, y is proportional to x

z varies jointly with x and y,
z is directly proportional to x
2
and inversely proportional to y,

xk y k
x
y
= = ,
,
2
k
x
y
=
x
k
y =
k
xy
z
=
k
x
zy
=
2
The time required for an elevator to lift a
weight varies directly with the weight and the
distance through which it is to be lifted and
inversely as the power of the motor. If it takes
30 seconds for a 10 hp motor to lift 100 lbs
through 50 ft., what size of the motor is
required to lift 800 lbs in 40 seconds through 40
ft.?
Mechanical Engineering Board October 1992
P
WS
k t =
When t = 30, W = 100, S = 50 and P = 10
(
=
10
) 50 )( 100 (
30 k
06 . 0 = k
When t = 40, W = 800, and S = 40
(
=
P
) 40 )( 800 (
) 06 . 0 ( 40
hp P 48 =
1. First Degree in Equation in Two variables and Linear
Systems of Equations
ax + by + c = 0 Can be solved by:
Method of Elimination
Method of Substitution

2. Systems of First Degree Equations in Three Variables
ax + by +cz + d = 0 Can be solved by:
Method of Elimination
and Substitution
Determinants
1. The intersection of the two solution sets contains
exactly one ordered pair. The graph intersects exactly
at one point. The equations are said to be consistent
and independent.

2. The intersection of the two solution sets is the empty
set. The graphs are distinct parallel lines. The
equations are said to be inconsistent.

3. The solution sets of the two equations are equal. The
graphs are the same line. The equations are said to
be dependent.
Find the solution set of the system of
equations

10 3 5
3 2
= +
= +
y x
y x
) 3 2 ( 3 = + y x
10 ) 3 5 ( = + y x
9 3 6 = y x
10 3 5 = + y x
1 = x
1 = x
Substitute the value of x to
the original equation
3 2 = + y x
3 ) 1 ( 2 = + y
5 = y
Therefore the solution set is -1 and 5
From the previous example find the solution
set using method of substitution

10 3 5
3 2
= +
= +
y x
y x 1
2
x y 2 3 =
3
Substitute equation 3 to equation 2
10 6 9 5
10 ) 2 3 ( 3 5
= +
= +
x x
x x
1
1
=
=
x
x
Substitute the value of x to 1
5
3 ) 1 ( 2
=
= +
y
y
We obtain the same answer
in either method
Find the solution set of the system

4 2
5 3 6
=
=
y x
y x
Using Method of Eliminations
5 3 6 = y x
) 4 2 ( 3 = y x
12 3 6
5 3 6
= +
=
y x
y x
7 0 =
The solution set of the
system is the empty set O.
The two equations are
inconsistent

8 4 6
4 2 3
= +
= +
y x
y x
) 4 2 3 ( 2 = + y x
8 4 6 = + y x
8 4 6 = y x
0 0
8 4 6
=
= + y x
The solution sets of the two equations
are equal. The equations are
dependent. The graphs are at the
same line.
Using Method of Elimination
2 2 2
0 2 3 2
3 4
= +
= +
=
z y x
z y x
z y x
Using method of substitution,
2 2 2
0 2 3 2
3 4
= +
= +
+ + =
z y x
z y x
z y x
Substituting the value of x into other two equations,
2 2 ) 3 4 ( 2
0 2 3 ) 3 4 ( 2
3 4
= + + +
= + + +
+ + =
z y z y
z y z y
z y x
4 10
6 10
3 4
= +
= +
+ + =
z y
z y
z y x
Solving the equation for y,
4 10
6 10
3 4
= +
+ =
+ + =
z y
z y
z y x
Substitute the value of y from the second eqn. into the
third
4 10 ) 6 10 (
6 10
3 4
= + +
+ =
+ + =
z z
z y
z y x
2
1
10 20
6 10
3 4
=
=
+ =
+ + =
z
z
z y
z y x
Substitute the value of z into
the second eqn.
2
1
1
3 4
=
=
+ + =
z
y
z y x
Substitute the value of y and z
into the first eqn.
2
1
1
2
=
=
=
z
y
x
It is sometimes necessary to express a single
rational expression as a sum of two or more
simpler quotients called partial fractions
Decompose the fraction into partial fractions
6
1 7
2

x x
x
) 3 )( 2 (
1 7
6
1 7
2
+

=

x x
x
x x
x
=
+

) 3 )( 2 (
1 7
x x
x
) 3 ( ) 2 (
+
+ x
B
x
A
1
Multiply the above equations by the LCD, that is (x + 2)(x 3)
) 2 ( ) 3 ( 1 7 + + = x B x A x
2
Setting every distinct denominator to zero, x + 2 = -2, x 3 = 3
Substitute -2, and 3 to eqn. 2,
When x = -2
3
) 2 2 ( ) 3 2 ( 1 ) 2 ( 7
=
+ + =
A
B A
When x = 3
4
) 2 3 ( ) 3 3 ( 1 ) 3 ( 7
=
+ + =
B
B A
Therefore is equal to
6
1 7
2

x x
x
) 3 (
4
) 2 (
3
+
+ x x

Is a set or collection of numbers arranged in an orderly
manner such that the preceding and the following
numbers are completely specified.

Is the sum of the terms in a sequence.
Is simply another term for sequence

a series of numbers
having a common difference
where: a = first term
d = common difference
n = no. of terms
L = the n
th
term
S = sum
a
1
= 1
st
term
a
n
= last term (nth term)

terms between any two given
terms in an arithmetic sequence

) (
2
2
] ) 1 ( 2 [
2
) (
) 1 (
1 n
a a
n
S
d n a n
S
L a n
S
d n a L
+ =
+
=
+
=
+ =
- a series of
numbers having a common ratio
where: a = first term
r = common ratio
n = no. of terms
L = the n
th
term
S = sum
a series of numbers
whose reciprocals form arithmetic Progression.

) 1 (
) 1 (
1
r
r a
S
ar L
n
n
=
=

the
number of terms (n) is extremely large or
infinity.

If r>1, the sum of all terms is infinite
If r<1, the sum of all terms is:

where: a
1
= 1
st
term
r = common ratio

) 1 (
1
r
a
S
=
Find the thirtieth element of the arithmetic
sequence for which the first element is 5 and the
second element is 9

Let: L
30
= 30th element of the arithmetic sequence
5, 9........L
30
d = 9 5 = 4, a
1
= 5, N = 30

L
30
= a
1
+ (n 1)d
= 5 + (30 1)(4)
L
30
= 121
If the twelfth element of an arithmetic sequence is -
21 and the twenty fifth element is 18, what is the
fourth element?
d a
d a
24 18
) 1 25 ( 18
1
1
+ =
+ =
N = 25 and L
25
= 18
1
N = 12 and L
12
= -21
d a
d a
11 21
) 1 12 ( 21
1
1
+ =
+ =
2
3
13 39
11 21
24 18
1
1
=
=
+ =
+ =
d
d
d a
d a
Using eqn. 1, a
1
= -54
N = 4, a
1
= -54 and d = 3
45
) 3 )( 1 4 ( 54
4
4
=
+ =
L
L
Insert three arithmetic means between 11 and 14

If c
1
, c
2
, and c
3
are three arithmetic means, then
11, c
1
, c
2
, c
3
, 14

N = 5, L
5
= a
1
+ (5 1)d

Because a
1
= 11 and L
5
= 14
14 = 11 + 4d
d = , thus
c
1
= 11 + c
2
= 11 + c
3
= 12 + 3/4
= 11 = 12 = 13
A stack of bricks has 61 bricks in the bottom layer, 58
bricks in the second layer, 55 bricks in the third layer,
and so on until there are 10 bricks in the last layer.
How many bricks are there all together?
a
1
= 61, a
2
= 58, a
3
= 55, a
n
= 10

By inspection, d = -3 S = n [2a
1
+ (n 1)d]
2
L
n
= a
1
+ (n 1)d
10 = 61 + (n 1)(-3) S = 18 [2(61) + (18 1)(-3)]
10 = 61 3n + 3 2
n = 18 S = 639

Find the tenth element of the geometric sequence
for which the first element is 5/2 and the second
element is -5.
5/2, -5,.........., L
10
2
5
2
) 5 (
2
5
) 5 (
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
= r
a
1
= 5/2, and N = 10

1280
) 2 ( 5
) 2 (
2
5
8
9
1 10
1 10
=
=
=
=

r a L
The fourth term of a G.P. is 216 and the 6
th
term is
1944. Find the 8
th
term.

L
4
= 216, L
6
= 1944

3
1
3
1 4
216 r a
r a L
=
=
1
5
1
5
1 6
1944 r a
r a L
=
=
2
216
1944
3
1
5
1
=
r a
r a
3
9
2
=
=
r
r
Substitute r in 1:

17496
) 3 ( 8
8
) 3 ( 216
8
7
8
7
1 8
1
3
1
=
=
=
=
=
L
L
r a L
a
a
Find the fourth term of the progression , 0.2,
0.125,...

h
1
= L
1
= 2
h
2
= 0.2 = 1/5 L
2
= 5
h
3
= 0.125 = 1/8 L
3
= 8

By inspection, d = 3

L
4
= a
1
+ 3d
L
4
= 2 + 3(3)
L
4
= 11

Thus, h
4
= 1 = 1
a
4
11
Is defined as an ordered arrangement of a finite number of
elements, either all of the available n elements or a part of
them without repetitions.

The number of permutations of n different things taken r at a
time is:

If taken all at once;

)! (
!
r n
n
P
r n
=
) 1 )...( 2 )( 1 ( + = r n n n n P
r n
! n P
n n
=
Is an arrangement of the selection of objects
regardless of the order

The number of combinations of n different things
taken r at a time is

If taken at all once

! )! (
!
r r n
n
C
r n
=
1 =
r n
C
The probability of an event E, is the ratio of
the number of outcomes to the total number
of possible outcomes.

P
E
= no. of outcomes/total outcomes

A bus has seven vacant seats. If three
additional passengers enter the bus, in how
many different ways can they be seated?
) 1 )...( 2 )( 1 ( + = r n n n n P
r n
) 1 3 7 )( 2 7 )( 1 7 ( 7
3 7
+ = P
210 =
How many permutations are there if the letters
PNRCSE are taken six at a time?

Taken at a time,

Electrical Engineering Board, June 1990
! n P
n n
=
! 6
6 6
= P
720 =
There are four balls of four different colors. Two
balls are taken at a time and arranged in a definite
order. For example, if a white and a red balls are
taken, one definite arrangement is white first, red
second, and another arrangement is red first, white
second. How many such arrangements are possible?
EE Board October 1997
)! (
!
r n
n
P
r n
=
)! 2 4 (
! 4
2 4
= P
ways 12 =
There are four balls of different colors. Two balls
at a time are taken and arranged anyway. How
many such combinations are possible?
EE Board October 1997
! )! (
!
r r n
n
C
r n
=
)! 2 ( )! 2 4 (
! 4
2 4
= C
ways 6 =
In how many ways can a committee of three
consisting of two aeronautical engineers and one
mechanical engineer can be formed from four
aeronautical engineers and three mechanical
engineers?
2 4
C
1 3
C
6
)! 2 ( )! 2 4 (
! 4
2 4
=
= C
3
)! 1 ( )! 1 3 (
! 3
1 3
=
= C
ways x 18 3 6 =
There are 50 tickets in a lottery in which there is a
first and second prize. What is the probability of a
man drawing a prize if he owns 5 tickets?
P = no. of outcomes/total outcomes

P = 2/50 = 1/25

the probability for the man to win a prize is:

P = 5(1/25)
P = 0.20 or 20 %
EE Board April 1991
Determine the probability of drawing either a king
or a diamond in a single draw from a pack of 52
playing cards.
P
k
= probability of drawing a king
P
D
= probability of drawing a diamond
P
k and D
= probability of drawing a king and at the
same time a diamond
kandD D k korD
P P P P + =
P = no. of outcomes/total outcomes
52
16
52
1
52
13
52
4
= + =
korD
P
13
4
=
korD
P

Algebra Aero Engr Board Review Lecture

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