ENGINEERING MECHANICS

A REVIEW: FEATI AERO BOARD REFRESHER

Prepared by: Contado, Clovis B.

 Mechanics is the branch of physics that

considers the action of forces on bodies or fluids that are both at rest and in motion
Engineering Mechanics is the branch of

engineering that applies the principles of mechanics to any design that must take into account the effect of forces

Outline - Statics
Chapter I. Principles of Statics

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

Chapter III. Equilibrium of Force Systems Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure Chapter V. Friction Chapter VI. Force Systems in Space Chapter VII. Centroids & Centers of Gravity Chapter VIII. Moments of Inertia

ENGINERRIN G MECHANICS

Statics

Dynamics

Force Systems

Application

Kinematics

Kinetics

Concurrent Parallel NonConcurrent

Trusses Centroids Friction

Fig 1.1 Outline of Engineering Mechanics

Chapter I
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS & DEFINITIONS

Chapter I. Fundamental Concepts & Definition

Engineering Mechanics the science which considers

the effects of forces on rigid bodies Statics Consider the effects and distribution of forces on rigid bodies Dynamics consider the motion of rigid bodies caused by the forces acting on them. It deals with objects or structures with a non-zero acceleration. Force that which changes , or tend to change the state of motion of body.
Note: External effects of forces are considered in Engineering Mechanics; Internal effects, in Strength of Material

Chapter I. Fundamental Concepts & Definition

Characteristics of a Force: (1) has magnitude (2)

position of its line of action (3) the direction or sense Classification of Force Systems 1. Coplanar Force System the line of action of all forces lie on one plane 2. Non-Coplanar (Space Systems of Forces) the line of action of all forces do not lie on a same plane 3. Concurrent forces lines of forces pass trough a common point 4. Non-concurrent 5. Parallel Force System

Chapter I. Fundamental Concepts & Definition

Axioms Of Mechanics

The Parallelogram Law the resultant of two forces is the diagonal formed on the vectors of these forces 2. Two forces are in equilibrium only when equal in magnitude, opposite in direction, and collinear in action 3. A set of forces in equilibrium may be added to any system of forces without changing the effect if the original system 4. Action and reaction forces are equal but oppositely directed,
1.

Chapter II.
RESULTANTS OF FORCE SYSTEMS

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

The effect of a system of forces on a body is

usually expressed in terms of a resultant. 1. Fx = Fcos x 2. Fy = F Sin x

3.
4.

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

Problems 1. Determine the resultant of the concurrent forces shown

2. The resultant of the

concurrent forces shown in the fig is 300lb pointing up along the Y-axis. Compute the values of F and required to give the resultant.
500 lb 30 240 lb

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

3. A boat moving at

12kph is crossing a river 500m wide in which a current is flowing at 4kph. In what direction should the boat head if it is to reach a point on the other side of the river directly opposite its starting point?

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

4. Beam AB in the fig below, supports a load which varies from an intensity of 50lb/ft at one end to 200lb/ft at the other. Calculate the magnitude & position of the resultant.

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

Moment of a Force the moment of a force about a

point or axis measures the tendency of the force to cause the body to rotate around that axis or point.

M= Fd Where: d perpendicular distance F Resultant Force

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

A. Varignons Theorem the moment of the

resultant is equivalent to the moment sum of its component

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

Problems 2. Two forces P & Q pass through a point A which is 4ft 1. In a certain non-concurrent to the right of and 3ft above concurrent force system, it is a moment center O. Force P is found that X = -80 lb, Y is 200lb directed up to the Y = 160lb, M = 480 ft-lb in right at 30 with the a counterclockwise sense. horizontal and force Q is Determine at which the 100lb directed up to the left resultant intersects the x-axis. at 60 with the horizontal. Determine the moment of the resultant of these two forces with respect to O. Ans: 377ft-lb

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

3.The 16-ft wing of an airplane is subjected to a lift which varies from zero at the tip to 360 lb/ft at the fuselage according to = 90 x^1/2 lb/ft where x is measured from the tip. Compute the resultant and its location from the wing tip. Ans: R = 3840 lb at 9.60 ft 4. Determine completely the resultant of the forces acting on the step pulley shown in the fig. Ans: 1250 lb down 750 lb to right; h = 44.3
1.25
60

1250 lb

250 lb

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

Couples. Sometimes the resultant wil be zero in

magnitude and yet have a resultant moment sum. The special case in which the resultant has zero magnitude but does have a moment is said to consist a couple.

C=Fd

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

Ex. Transform the couple Solution: shown in the figure into an When the forces of the equivalent couple whose couple act through points C forces are horizontal abd & D, the moment arm of act through points C & D. the couple becomes 3in. Since the moment effect is 9lb 9lb constant, the forces acting 4 at C & D are found from A B
D 3 C

C = Fd 3

C = 9x4 = F x

F = 12lb Therefore C & D each has magnitude of 12lb.

Chapter II. Resultants of Force Systems

Replace the system of forces acting on the frame

below by a resultant R at A and a couple acting horizontally through B & C.

20lb

110lb 1 = 110lb A left

B 3 4 C 2

Ans: R = 50lb down; B= right: C

30lb

60lb

Chapter III
EQUILIBRIUM OF FORCE SYSTEMS

Chapter III. Equilibrium of Force Systems

Equilibrium is the term used to designate the

condition where the resultant of a system of forces is zero. A body is said to be in equilibrium when the force system acting upon it has zero resultant. The physical meaning of equilibrium, as applied to a body, is that the body either is at rest or moving in a straight line with constant velocity

Chapter III. Equilibrium of Force Systems

Equilibrium of Concurrent Force System x = 0 y = 0 Equilibrium of Parallel Force System F = 0 M = 0

Chapter III. Equilibrium of Force Systems

Equilibrium of Non-Concurrent Force System x = 0 x = 0 y = 0 or MA = 0 M = 0 MB

Chapter III. Equilibrium of Force Systems

Problems 1. A 300 lb box is held at rest on a smooth plane by a force P inclined at an angle with the plane as shown. If = 45, determine the value of P and the normal force N, exerted by the plane.

Chapter III. Equilibrium of Force Systems

2.

A load of 100 lb is hubg 3. The 300 lb force and the from the middle of a 400lb force shown in the rope, which is stretched fig. are to be held in between two rigid walls equilibrium by a third 30ft apart. Due to the force F acting at an load, the rope sags 4ft unknown angle with the in the middle. horizontal. Determine the Determine the tension values of F and . 400 lb in the rope.
300 lb 30

Ans: 194 lbs

Chapter III. Equilibrium of Force Systems

4. Determine the load P required to hold bar AB in a horizontal position on the smooth inclines shown inf Fig. Also determine the reactions at A & B.
P 4 A 60 14 45 400 lb 2 B

Chapter IV
ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

The analysis of a structure is the process by which we

determine how the loads applied are distributed throughout a structure.

Two types of structures will be studied;

1. Pin-connected trusses the internal force in a bar is directed along the axis of the frames 2. Pin-connected frames the members are subjected to bending action

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

A truss is a structure composed of members

fastened together in such a way to resist change in shape: it is a rigid structure Trusses are so constructed that all applied loads act at the ends of the members. Such members held in equilibrium by only two forces are called two-force members. Members which are stretched are said to be in tension, while those that are shortened are said to be in compression.

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

Analysis of Structure 1.

Method of Joints analysing trusses by applying the principles of equilibrium to the concurrent force systems

2. Method of Sections the principles of equilibrium of non-concurrent force systems are applied.

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

Problems.
1.

Using the method of sections, determine the force on members BD,CD, & CE of the truss shown on below figure.

Chapter IV. Analysis of Structure

2. For the truss shown in fig, determine the force in BF by the method of joints and then check this result using the method of sections. D
12 B E 1200 lb

12

C
A F 9 2400 lb 9 1200 lb

Chapter V
FRICTION

Chapter V. Friction
Friction may be defined as the contact

resistance exerted by one body upon a second body when the second body moves or tends to move past first body. It is a retarding force always acting opposite to the motion or the tendency to.

Chapter V. Friction

Chapter V. Friction

Chapter V. Friction

Chapter V. Friction

Chapter V. Friction
Problems:

Chapter VI
FORCE SYSTEMS IN SPACE

Chapter VI. Force Systems in Space

In the preceding chapters on coplanar systems, we

have seen how two fundamental concepts, (1) that which relates a force to its components and (2) the moment effect of a force, were applied. When we consider force systems in space, the same basic concepts are all that are necessary, only they must be extended to include the more general case of space forces

Chapter VI. Force Systems in Space

Chapter VI. Force Systems in Space

Equations:

Chapter VI. Force Systems in Space

Chapter VII
CENTROIDS AND CENTERS OF GRAVITY

Chapter VII: Centroids & Centers of Gravity

The center of gravity of a body is the point through

which the line of action of the weight always passes. The term centroid is used when referring to the center of gravity of a weightless figure such as a line, an area, or a volume The centroid of a line, area, volume, or mass is that point at which the whole line, area, volume, or mass may be conceived to be concentrated and have the same moment with respect to an axis as when distributed in its natural way.

Chapter VII: Centroids & Centers of Gravity

Centroids and centers of gravity are determined from

the following equations. 1. Lines 2. Areas 3. Volumes

4. Mass -

Chapter VII: Centroids & Centers of Gravity

Find the centroid of the composite figure.

Chapter VIII
MOMENT OF INERTIA

Chapter VIII: Moments of Inertia

Many engineering formulas, such as those relating to

strength of beams, columns, deflection of beams, involve the use of the mathematical expression Moment of inertia applied to areas has no real meaning when examined by itself: it is merely a mathematical expression usually denoted by I. - moment of inertia about the centroidal axis Moment of inertia is also called the second moment of area.

FBD:

or

J of the above equation is called the polar moment of inertia

TRANSFER FORMULA
This

equation states that for any area, the moment of inertia with respect to any axis in the plane of the area is equal to the moment of inertia with respect to a parallel centroidal axis plus a transfer term composed of the product of the area multiplied by the square of the distance between

EXAMPLE

GOOD LUCK!! ATTITUDE MAKES BIG A DIFFERENCE..