To WILL is a great thing, for ACTION & WORK usually follow WILL and almost always WORK is followed

by SUCCESS. WORK, WILL, SUCCESS fill human existence. WILL opens the door to success, both brilliant & happy WORK, passes these doors and at the end of the journey, SUCCESS comes to crown ones efforts. by: Louis Pasteur

INTRODUCTION AND HISTORY OF MICROBIOLOGY

Prepared by: Michell Ganase-Tugade, R.M.T., M.D.

INTRODUCTION
what does life really look like?
- Led to the birth of new science called microbiology

Spontaneous generation Principle behind fermentation Causes of diseases

advances in new science

Diseases spread in the Middle Ages plague, smallpox, leprosy, cholera was brought to Europe (Messina, Italy) in the 6th century on the board of Genoa ships from southern Crimea (infected rats)

Diseases spread in the Middle Ages plague, smallpox, leprosy, cholera

Until 14th century 25 mil. of European inhabitants had died for plague The last great plague epidemic in Europe - in 1665, mostly in London

Yersinia pestis

Diseases spread in the Middle Ages plague, smallpox, leprosy, cholera Alexander Yersin (1863-1943) and S.Kitasato (1852-1931) discovered cause of plague Yersinia pestis identified at HongKong 1894

Infectious diseases spread in the Middle Ages - smallpox

Notes of epidemics in 4th cent. B.C. Endemic regions in Asia spread into Europe and northern Africa in 6 - 8th century During 15th century to southern Africa and America The epidemics were stopped as late as in 19th century (Jenner, vaccination) Eradication of small pox WHO project 1977, last case in Somalia

Infectious diseases spread in the Middle Ages - smallpox

Infectious diseases spread in the Middle Ages

Leprosy 12th to 13th century whole Europe 1873 described by Armauer Hansen 9 years before Kochs discovery of bacillus tuberculosis

Infectious diseases spread in the Middle Ages

Syphilis most important STD in history

Treponema pallidum

Infectious diseases spread in the Middle Ages

cholera during 19th century several

pandemics in Europe and America, last pandemics started at Celebes and was spread as far as southern Europe in 1961 in Central and Southern America in 1991

vibrio cholera

Early Years of Microbiology

Fracastorius (Girolamo Fracastoro from Verona) 1546 analysis of contagion: by physical contact, by formites, at a distance He concluded that communicable diseases are caused by living agents (seminaria, seeds)

Early Years of Microbiology

Antoni van Leeuwenhook (1632-1723) Created glass lenses of his own, simple microscope Father of microbiology Description of simple microorganisms animalcules - bacteria, fungi, yeasts, microbes

Early Years of Microbiology

what does life really look like
Antoni van Leeuwenhook Stinger of a bee, leg of a louse, brain of a fly, drop of of blood, flakes of his own skin, plaques of his teeth

Early Years of Microbiology

Passion of creating various microscopes Created a microscope for each specimen to view them again and again, studying and recording every detail

Early Years of Microbiology

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778) Taxonomic system system for naming plants and animals and grouping similar organisms together.

The Golden Age of Microbiology

spontaneous generation of microbial life possible? Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Abiogenesis ( from non living matter) What causes fermentation? What causes disease? How can we prevent infection and disease?

The Golden Age of Microbiology

Aristotle (384-322BC)

Theory of spontaneous generation or theory of abiogenesis widely accepted for over 2000 years 17th century Validity of abiogenesis theory became under challenge

The Golden Age of Microbiology

Francesco Redi (1626-1697) Italian physician experimented on decaying meat

The Golden Age of Microbiology

unsealed flask: maggots covered the meat within a few days Sealed flask: flies were kept away and no maggots appeared on the meat flask covered with gauze: flies were kept away and no maggots appeared on the meat, although a few maggots appeared on top of the gauze.

The Golden Age of Microbiology

The Golden Age of Microbiology

The Golden Age of Microbiology

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Chemistry : fermentation processes associated with organisms recognizable by morphology Started industrial microbiology or biotechnology Silkworm disease investigation Sterilization heating fluids to 120oC under pressure, dry heat for glassware at 170oC Idea of communicable diseases of plants, animals and man

Fermentation Process
Steam escapes from open end flasks Air moves in and out of flask Dust from air settles in bend.

infusion is heated

Infusion sits, no microbes appear

Infusion remains sterile indefinitely

The Golden Age of Microbiology

Louis Pasteur Investigations in immunity: Attenuation of pathogen by prolonged cultivation and suboptimal conditions vaccines against Pasteurella of chicken cholera, against anthrax in animals 1886 live attenuated vaccine against rabies (dried suspension of infected rabitt spinal cord) success in men infected by rabid dog and wolf

The Golden Age of Microbiology

Louis Pasteur in his laboratory

The Golden Age of Microbiology

Vaccination against rabies

The Golden Age of Microbiology

The Golden Age of Microbiology

The Golden Age of Microbiology

ROBERT KOCH (1843-1910)

The Golden Age of Microbiology

Use of Petri dishes to hold solid growth media Elucidation of bacteria as distinct species Discovery of Mycobacterium anthracis & Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation of etiologic agents of: typhoid fever, cholera, pneumoniae, tetanus, diphtheria, Staphylococci

The Golden Age of Microbiology

The Golden Age of Microbiology

The Golden Age of Microbiology

Result of Gram Staining

Prevention of diseases

Ignaz Semmelweis (1818 1865)

Austrian obstetrician Handwashing , infection control high maternal mortality during delivery transmission of infection by doctors by contaminated hands during the delivery hand washing in chlorine compound solution the basis of disinfection

Prevention of diseases

Joseph Lister
Antisepsis Started using carbolic acid(phenol) in surgical incisions/dressings Father of antiseptic surgery

Prevention of diseases

Prevention of diseases

Prevention of diseases

Prevention of diseases

Prevention of diseases

Prevention of diseases

Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of Microbiology

PETRI Roux, Yersin Albert Neisser Charles Laveran 1887 1888 Petri dish (plate evidence of humoral immunity, production of diphtheria toxin Gonorrhea - Neisseria gonorrheae Malaria -Plasmodium species (protozoa) Typhoid fever - Salmonella enterica serotype Typhi

1879 1880

Carl Eberth 1880

Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of Microbiology

Edwin Klebs Albert Fraenkel David Bruce Anton Weichselbau m 1883 1884 1887 1887
-

Diphtheria - Corynebacterium diphtheriae Pneumonia - Streptococcus pneumoniae Undulant fever (brucellosis) - Brucella melitensis Meningococcal meningitis - Neisseria meningitidis

A. A. Gartner
Shibasaburo Kitasato

1888
1889

Salmonellosis (form of food poisoning) Salmonella species

Tetanus Clostridium tetani (bacterium)

Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of Microbiology

Dmitri Ivanowski 1892 Tobacco mosaic disease and Martinus 1898 Tobamovirus tobacco mosaic virus Beijerinck William Welch and 1892 Gas gangrene - Clostridium George Nuttall perfringens Alexandre Yersin and Shibasaburo Kitasato Kiyoshi Shiga 1894 Bubonic plague - Yersinia pestis

1898 Shigellosis (a type of severe diarrhea) - Shigella dysenteriae

Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of Microbiology

Emil von Behring Ilja Metchnikoff 18891890 1891 diphtheria antitoxin neutralizes toxin in vivo, antitoxin to tetanus phagocytosis, cellular defence mechanisms

Bordet
Wassermann Walter Reed

1895

complement
complement fixation test

1900

Yellow fever - Flavivirus- yellow fever virus

Other Notable Scientists of the Golden Age of Microbiology

Robert Forde and Joseph Dutton Wright 1902 African sleeping sickness - Trypanosoma brucei, gambiense

1903

antibodies

Schaudin, Hoffmann

1906

Treponema pallidum

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Carl Woese (1928)

discovered that significant differences in nucleic acid sequences among organisms clearly reveal that cells belong to one of three major groupsbacteria, archaea, or eukaryotes

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Martinus Beijerinck
bacteria capable of converting nitrogen gas (N2) from the air into nitrate (NO3), the form of nitrogen used by plants,

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Sergei Winogradsky (18561953)

Elucidated the role of microorganisms in the recycling of sulfur.

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Alexander Fleming (18811955)

discovered penicillin

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

Gerhard Domagk (1895-1964)
German pathologist and bacteriologist In 1935 - Chemotherapy of bacterial infections Prontosil first antibacterial chemotherapeutic agent, sulfonamides

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

MODERN AGE OF MICROBIOLOGY

end