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Learning Objectives
What are prokaryotic cells? How do prokaryotes differ from eukaryotes? What causes cholera and how does it produce the symptoms?
The primary symptoms of cholera are profuse painless diarrhea and vomiting of clear fluid, which leads to dehydration. An untreated person with cholera may produce 1020 litres of diarrhea a day with fatal results. For every symptomatic person there are 3 to 100 people who get the infection but remain asymptomatic.
What is responsible?
Vibrio cholerae
A curved rod shaped bacterium with a flaggelum. Bacteria are examples of prokaryotic cells.
Cell Wall
Made of peptidoglycan Physical barrier that protects against mechanical damage and excludes certain substances
Capsule
Extra protective layer which can also helps groups of bacteria stick together
Flagellum
Aids movement of bacterium due its rigid, corkscrew shape and rotating base help the cell spin through fluids.
Ribosomes
70S type (smaller than the 80S type in Eukaryotic cells) Protein synthesis occurs at ribosomes; it can be inhibited by certain antibiotics. The difference between prokaryotic (70s) and eukaryotic (80s) ribosomes allows antibiotics to selectively target the prokaryotic ribosomes while sparing eukaryotic ribosomes.
Circular DNA possesses the genetic information for the replication of bacterial cells. Plasmids can reproduce independently meaning they have use as vectors in genetic engineering. They possess genes that that aid the survival of bacteria by producing enzymes that can break down antibodies.
They have a few feature in common, but what are the main differences?
Some of these are mixed up. Can you put them in right place? Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells
No true nucleus, only a diffuse area of nuclear material with no nuclear envelope Distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope
Nucleolus present Chromosomes present, in which DNA is located No nucleolus Circular strands of DNA but no chromosomes No membrane bounded organelles Chloroplasts presents in plants and algae Ribosomes are smaller (70S type) No ER, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes Where present cell wall is made mostly of cellulose (or chitin in fungi)
No true nucleus, only a diffuse area of nuclear material with no nuclear envelope Distinct nucleus, with a nuclear envelope
No nucleolus Circular strands of DNA but no chromosomes No membrane bounded organelles No chloroplasts, only photosynthetic regions in some bacteria Ribosomes are smaller (70S type) No ER, Golgi apparatus and lysosomes Cell Wall made of peptidoglycan Nucleolus present Chromosomes present, in which DNA is located Membrane bounded organelles are present Chloroplasts presents in plants and algae Ribosomes are larger (80S type) ER , Golgi apparatus and lysosomes present Where present cell wall is made mostly of cellulose (or chitin in fungi)
Can you think of ways that this contamination might happen? How about ways to prevent it from happening?
Cl
Cl
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Water
Questions
1. Which organ does the cholera toxin target? Why is its action so specific? 2. How does the cholera toxin cause diarrhoea? 3. Suggest three measures that may be used to limit the spread of cholera. 4. Suggest how inhibiting flagellum development in the pathogen may prevent the disease. Extension: Q2,Q4 on page 67 of textbook