Energy Efficient Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

Introduction to Wireless Network

The wireless network can be defined as a collection of

mobile nodes forming a network without the aid of any established infrastructure or any centralized administration. The wireless network operates in basically two modes: - Infrastructured Wireless Mode. - Ad hoc Wireless Mode.

Routing Protocol
Routing protocols use several metrics to calculate the

best path for routing the packets to its destination. Generally the routing protocols are classified as: Table-driven Routing Protocol (Proactive Protocol) DSDV, OLSR . On demand Routing Protocol (Reactive Protocol) AODV, AOMDV.

Issues in Mobile Ad-hoc Network

Energy consumption is a crucial design concern in

wireless networks since wireless nodes are typically battery limited. Energy consumption is one of the most important performance metrics for wireless networks because it directly relates to the operational lifetime of the network. Inefficient energy consumption of the network can cause node failure and network partition.

Neural Network
Neural

networks are composed of simple elements operating in parallel. These elements are inspired by biological nervous systems. Neural networks are trained to perform complex functions in various fields of application. Advantages of using Neural Networks: The system is developed through learning rather than programming. They are flexible in a changing environment. Neural networks can build informative models where more conventional approaches fail. Neural networks now operate well with modest computer hardware.

Objective
Implementing a routing protocol MMRE-AOMDV [1] (a

variant of AOMDV [2]), using Neural Network, in order to balance the traffic load among the different nodes according to their nodal residual battery and prolong the individual nodes life time and hence the entire system lifetime. Use several criteria for routing to provide better network operation.

AOMDV
Ad-hoc On-Demand Multi path Distance Vector Routing

(AOMDV) [2] protocol is an extension to the AODV protocol [3]. The main idea in AOMDV is to compute multiple paths during route discovery. It is designed primarily for highly dynamic ad hoc networks where link failures and route breaks occur frequently. A noteworthy feature of the AOMDV protocol is the use of routing information already available in the underlying AODV protocol as much as possible[2]. The AOMDV protocol has two main components: A route update rule to establish and maintain multiple loop-free paths at each node. A distributed protocol to find link-disjoint paths [2].

Approach for Energy Efficiency

Modify MMRE-AOMDV protocol[1] which includes

Minimum Residual Energy of each route to develop EEAOMDV and OP-AOMDV. EE-AOMDV protocol which integrates the effect of shortest path and maximal residual energy schemes using neural networks. OP-AOMDV considers shortest path, maximum residual energy and the neural network based EE-AOMDV routing procedure.

EE-AOMDV Protocol
Uses the residual energy of the intermediate nodes for

route selection. EE-AOMDV protocol possesses following fundamental elements: 1. Determining the minimal residual energy for each route during the route discovery. 2. Determining the routing factor using Back Propagation Neural Network. 3. Selecting the route with maximal routing factor from the available routes to forward the data packets.

1. Determining the minimal residual energy for each route during the route discovery.
The RREQ and RREP packet

include the minimum energy (min-energy). Min-energy is the ratio of the current residual energy of the node over the initial or the maximum energy of the node. Min-energy is updated at every intermediate node.

2. Determining the routing factor using Back Propagation Neural Network

Input1

= Minimum Residual Energy of the route. Input2 = Hop Count for the route. Output = Routing Factor. NN network prefers route with higher residual energy and smaller hop count. Route with maximum value of Routing factor is selected. This is the 3rd step.

OP-AOMDV Protocol
It uses the best available route on hop

by hop basis and therefore provides highly adaptively efficient routing. It considers shortest path, maximum residual energy and the neural network based EE-AOMDV routing procedure. min-energyMH, min-energyRE, minenergyEE represents minimum residual energy of route based on shortest path criteria, maximum residual energy criteria and EEAOMDV respectively. We have considered 1% as the leeway to select the optimum where 0.01 is the normalized energy.

Results

OP-AOMDV leads to a higher throughput as compared to EEAOMDV and AOMDV.

At any given speed, EE-AOMDV and OP-AOMDV enhances the throughput of the data transfer compared to AOMDV.

As the speed increases, the average end-to-end delay provided by OPAOMDV is less than the delay provided by EE-AOMDV and AOMDV.

The packet delivery ratio provided by EE-AOMDV and OP-AOMDV is higher than that of AOMDV.

Features of EE-AOMDV and OP-AOMDV

Provides energy efficient routing using multiple criterias.

Provides

longer network lifetime, higher average throughput, reduced end-to-end delay and better packet delivery ratio compared to AOMDV [2]. Little increase in routing overhead due to an additional field in route discovery packet prolongs the individual nodes lifetime and hence the entire system lifetime.

References
[1]Yumei Liu, Lili Guo, Huizhu Ma, Tao Jiang, Energy Efficient ondemand Multipath Routing Protocol for Multi-hop Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE, 2008, pp. 572 - 576. [2]M.K. Marina, S.R. Das, On-demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing in Ad Hoc Networks, in Proc.: International Conference for Network Protocols, IEEE, 2001, pp 14 23. [3]C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, "Ad-Hoc Ondemand Distance Vector Routing", in Proc.: 2nd IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing Systems and Applications, IEEE, 1999, pp. 99 - 100.