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BEYOND EINSTEIN
Beyond Einstein
Einsteins Predictions
Expanding Universe Black Holes Dark Energy
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BEYOND EINSTEIN
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3. Until it explodes
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The explosion is as bright as an entire galaxy of stars. ..and can be seen in galaxies across the universe.
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Redshift
SN Ia are more distant than expected. Spacetime has expanded more than expected.
Distance via SN Ia
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BEYOND EINSTEIN
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Inflation (Big Bang plus 10-34 Seconds) Big Bang plus 300,000 Years
gravitational waves light
Now
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Gravitational waves coming from Inflation period and from phase transitions may be detected directly. Free quarks becoming bound into protons, neutrons, etc
Decoupling of the Electroweak and Strong forces
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Black holes orbiting each other generate gravitational waves. Merging black holes also generate gravitational waves.
BEYOND EINSTEIN
BEYOND EINSTEIN
LISA uses a laser based Michelson interferometer to monitor the separation between proof masses in separate spacecraft.
Three spacecraft separated by 5 million km. Each spacecraft includes two freely falling test masses. Distance changes measured with precision of 4 ppm RMS over 100 seconds.
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Close to a black hole event horizon, extreme distortions of space & time predicted by Einstein can be observed
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Measure effects of black hole spin on nearby spacetime. Study intermediate size black holes. Growth of supermassive black holes early in the universe.
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Constellation-X
A fleet of 4 X-ray Telescopes to perform high resolution spectroscopy on faint x-ray sources
Each telescope 10 meter focal length. 4 telescopes increase the light collection area. Launched on two Delta rockets. Placed at L2 point (4x distance to moon) 4 - 10 year lifetime.
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Resolution of 4 ev for a 6 kev x-ray energy. (25x-100x better than current sensitivity.)
BEYOND EINSTEIN
Empty space has energy. Its gravitational effect pushes the universe apart.
Need a form of energy that is elastic: Vacuum energy (= Cosmol. Const.) But its effect may be too large Quintessence (particle field)
Astronomical Tools: Surveillance & Interrogation Measure expansion via fluctuations in CMB. Measure expansion via more SN and clusters of galaxies.
BEYOND EINSTEIN
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Realizing Science Beyond Einstein Three inter-linked components that work together:
1. Einstein Great Observatories providing breakthrough increases in capabilities to address all Beyond Einstein science:
LISA: Gravitational waves from merging black holes and the early Universe. Constellation-X: Spectroscopy close to the event horizon of black holes and place constraints on dark side of the Universe.
3. A technology program, theoretical studies and an education program to inspire future generations of scientists and engineers towards the vision:
Directly detect the gravitational waves emitted during the Big Bang. Image and resolve the event horizon of a Black Hole.
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A future black hole imager with a resolution one million times Hubble will observe the effects Einstein predicted.
X-ray emission from close to the event horizon provides a powerful probe.
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When we do not know the answers, we work on phrasing the questions. We push the envelope of what we know. We push the envelope of our technology.
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until now!
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BEYOND EINSTEIN
Einstein Probes
Three focused missions, each designed to address a single high priority science question:
Dark Energy Probe
Determine amount of dark energy, and whether it changes. Ex. Search for large numbers of Type Ia supernovae.
Inflation Probe
Map polarization of Microwave Background to search for signature of gravitational waves from the Big Bang.